Physiochemical properties of enveloped viruses and arginine dictate inactivation

Meingast, Christa; Joshi, Pratik U.; Turpeinen, Dylan G; Xu, Xuankuo; Holstein, Melissa; Feroz, Hasin; Ranjan, Swarnim; Ghose, Sanchayita; Li, Zheng Jian; Heldt, Caryn L.

doi:10.1002/biot.202000342

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Cells were grown in Eagle's minimum essential media (EMEM) supplemented with 1% v/ v penicillin−streptomycin and 10% v/v FBS at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 and 100% humidity. 68 Polymer Synthesis and Characterization. N-(4-Benzoylbenzyl)-N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide (QA1).…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Sorci

Fink

Sharma

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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N95 respirator face masks serve as effective physical barriers against airborne virus transmission, especially in a hospital setting. However, conventional filtration materials, such as nonwoven polypropylene fibers, have no inherent virucidal activity, and thus, the risk of surface contamination increases with wear time. The ability of face masks to protect against infection can be likely improved by incorporating components that deactivate viruses on contact. We present a facile method for covalently attaching antiviral quaternary ammonium polymers to the fiber surfaces of nonwoven polypropylene fabrics that are commonly used as filtration materials in N95 respirators via ultraviolet (UV)-initiated grafting of biocidal agents. Here, C 12 -quaternized benzophenone is simultaneously polymerized and grafted onto melt-blown or spunbond polypropylene fabric using 254 nm UV light. This grafting method generated ultrathin polymer coatings which imparted a permanent cationic charge without grossly changing fiber morphology or air resistance across the filter. For melt-blown polypropylene, which comprises the active filtration layer of N95 respirator masks, filtration efficiency was negatively impacted from 72.5 to 51.3% for uncoated and coated single-ply samples, respectively. Similarly, directly applying the antiviral polymer to full N95 masks decreased the filtration efficiency from 90.4 to 79.8%. This effect was due to the exposure of melt-blown polypropylene to organic solvents used in the coating process. However, N95-level filtration efficiency could be achieved by wearing coated spunbond polypropylene over an N95 mask or by fabricating N95 masks with coated spunbond as the exterior layer. Coated materials demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against several lipid-enveloped viruses, as well as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. For example, a 4.3-log reduction in infectious MHV-A59 virus and a 3.3-log reduction in infectious SuHV-1 virus after contact with coated filters were observed, although the level of viral deactivation varied significantly depending on the virus strain and protocol for assaying infectivity.

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Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Suid herpesvirus 1 strain Aujeszky (SuHV-1) was propagated and titrated on CCL-81 Vero cells. Following previously published protocols, 68 Coated and uncoated samples were cut into 1 × 1 cm 2 swatches using a sterilized blade. Each sample swatch was sterilized with about 20 μL of 70% ethanol.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Sorci

Fink

Sharma

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Contains a protonated guanidium group that forms ionic and hydrogen bonds with proteins and lipids. [67,68].…”

Section: Argininementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteins are not damaged by inactivation. Synergistically inactivates at less acidic pH (pH > 4) or lower temperature (30-40 • C) increasing protein stability and yield [67,68].…”

Section: Argininementioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes

2022

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The handling of highly pathogenic viruses, whether for diagnostic or research purposes, often requires an activation step. This article reviews available inactivation techniques published in peer-reviewed journals and their benefits and limitations in relation to the intended application. The bulk of highly pathogenic viruses are represented by enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Hantaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Nairoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. Here, we summarize inactivation methods for these virus families that allow for subsequent molecular and serological analysis or vaccine development. The techniques identified here include: treatment with guanidium-based chaotropic salts, heat inactivation, photoactive compounds such as psoralens or 1.5-iodonaphtyl azide, detergents, fixing with aldehydes, UV-radiation, gamma irradiation, aromatic disulfides, beta-propiolacton and hydrogen peroxide. The combination of simple techniques such as heat or UV-radiation and detergents such as Tween-20, Triton X-100 or Sodium dodecyl sulfate are often sufficient for virus inactivation, but the efficiency may be affected by influencing factors including quantity of infectious particles, matrix constitution, pH, salt- and protein content. Residual infectivity of the inactivated virus could have disastrous consequences for both laboratory/healthcare personnel and patients. Therefore, the development of inactivation protocols requires careful considerations which we review here.

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Virus inactivation at moderately low pH varies with virus and buffer properties

Joshi

Meingast

et al. 2021

Biotechnology Journal

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Background: Virus inactivation is a critical operation in therapeutic protein manufacturing. Low pH buffers are a widely used strategy to ensure robust enveloped virus clearance. However, the choice of model virus can give varying results in viral clearance studies. Pseudorabies virus (SuHV) or herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) are frequently chosen as model viruses to demonstrate the inactivation for the herpes family.Results: In this study, SuHV, HSV-1, and equine arteritis virus (EAV) were used to compare the inactivation susceptibility at pH 4.0 and 4 • C. SuHV and HSV-1 are from the same family, and EAV was chosen as a small, enveloped virus. Glycine, acetate, and citrate buffers at pH 4.0 and varying buffer strengths were studied. The inactivation susceptibility was found to be in the order of SuHV > HSV > EAV. The buffer effectiveness was found to be in the order of citrate > acetate > glycine. The smaller virus, EAV, remained stable and infectious in all the buffer types and compositions studied. Conclusion:The variation in inactivation susceptibility of herpes viruses indicated that SuHV and HSV cannot be interchangeably used as a virus model for inactivation studies. Smaller viruses might remain adventitiously infective at moderately low pH.

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Physiochemical properties of enveloped viruses and arginine dictate inactivation

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes

Virus inactivation at moderately low pH varies with virus and buffer properties

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