The average post void urine volume was 48 ml in persons with normal sized prostate. The post void volume increased with increasing prostate size as well as with inner gland volume. No correlation between age and post void residual volume was seen. CONCLUSIONS: These results based on randomly selected persons suggested little variation in post void residual urine volume with age. However a somewhat stronger correlation was found between residual urine and prostate volume and inner gland size.
Introduction: Despite recent advancement in management of Heart failure (HF), the accessibility and affordability of this treatment is still an issue in developing countries. Hypothesis: We aimed to assess etiological and pharmacological profile of heart failure patients in our study. Methods: The study population consisted of 407 patients with chronic heart failure aged >18 years attending as outpatient. Acute Heart Failure and patients hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure within 4 weeks were excluded. The diagnosis of heart failure was made in accordance with 2016 ESC guidelines for the Heart failure. Patients were stratified into those with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF: when EF < 40%), preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF: when EF > 50%), and those with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF; when EF = 40-50%). Results: The mean age of the cohort was 58.8 years & 64.4% (n = 262) were males. The overall mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the cohort was 38.47±9.24%. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was seen in 58.5% of patients. The two most prevalent etiologies of HF were ischemic heart disease (IHD) (53.6%; n = 218),) and idiopathic cardiomyopathy (34.2%; n = 133).The percentage of patients who received diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), aldosterone antagonists, ARNI and Beta blockers as treatment were 93.12%, 71.99%, 8.11%, 82.31% , 6.63 % and 90.42 % respectively.The most commonly prescribed ACEI was ramipril (68.8%), Betablocker was carvedilol (45.7%) and MRA was Spironolactone (82.33%).Guideline directed medical therapy (beta-blocker,RAAS blocker and MRA-all 3) was prescribed in 63.88 % of patients. The median dose of ramipril was 2.86 mg (28% of target),carvedilol was 6.4 mg (12.8% of target), ARNI was 88.89mg (44.4% of target ) & spironolactone was 49.3mg (98.6% of target). Conclusions: Ischemic Heart Disease is the most common etiology of HF in the region.Despite the encouragement to follow the ESC Heart Failure Guidelines, only 63.88 % of patients were on prescribed guideline based therapy. Even among those getting drug, majority drugs failed to reach even 50% of the target doses with the exception of MRA.
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