As commonly known, cancer is one of the fatal diseases to which considerable attention needs to be paid. The purpose of the research concerned here was to form a mathematical model of the spread of cancer with chemotherapy and to know the dynamics of its solution. As for the stages in achieving the purpose, they were forming a mathematical model, determining the point of equilibrium, determining the basic reproduction number, analyzing the stability around the equilibrium point, and conducting numerical simulation with the parameters given. The pattern of how cancer cells spread could be modeled in the form of a mathematical equation according to the system of differential equation. From the system formed, an equilibrium solution and an analysis of the behavioral dynamics of the cell spread with treatment in the form of chemotherapy were attained. Simulation with graphs indicates that the growth rate of cancer cells influences the population of the said cells. The greater the growth rate of cancer cells, the greater the population of those cells. Besides, it is also obtained that the increasing dosage of the drug given with the limits allowed, the lower of those cancer cells.
The framework of 21st-century learning and Kurikulum 2013 encourages integrated learning with information and communication technology (ICT). Fundamental knowledge in ICT utilization (ICT literacy) is an important thing for the student so they can bring themselves better in the digital of learning era. The development of ICT as learning media has been widely carried out but has not specifically measured the level of mastery student’s ICT literacy. This literature study aims to illustrate that ICT literacy assessment can be done through the science learning process in school. The instrument of ICT literacy assessment needs to be continuously developed by raising authentic assessment concept.
In this paper, we discussed a stochastic optimal control of hepatitis C that minimizes the side effect and reduces the viral load. The control variables represent the drug therapy used for blocking a new infection and virus production. The solution of control problem is solved using the stochastic minimum principle and a four-step scheme. The numerical simulation is carried out to justify the theoretical analysis. The result shows that using both types of drugs for therapy is much more effective.
<abstract><p>In this paper, a mathematical model describing the dynamical of the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) at a cellular level with a stochastic noise in the transmission rate is developed from the deterministic model. The unique time-global solution for any positive initial value is served. The Ito's Formula, the suitable Lyapunov function, and other stochastic analysis techniques are used to analyze the model dynamics. The numerical simulations are carried out to describe the analytical results. These results highlight the impact of the noise intensity accelerating the extinction of the disease.</p></abstract>
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