Conditioned medium has now gained increasing interest since the development of secretome-based therapy. Various types of cells have been studied as a source of the secretome. One of them is neural progenitor cells (NPCs). These are cells that capable of differentiating into neurons as well as glial cells. Indeed, the study on NPCs has risen in the last few decades, but the study on the differentiated cells has not clearly described. The most common procedures that widely used to get the conditioned medium is starvation. However, cell starvation may cause environmental stress and become an apoptotic trigger for the cells. In this study, we analyzed the effect of starvation on differentiated cells from E17 rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) based on cells characteristics and secretome profile. We found that starvation decreased cells viability and affected the heterogeneity of the cell population. Astrocytes survived more under nutrient deprivation conditions, and the progenitor cells showed a higher tendency to differentiate to glial cells than neurons. Duration of starvation also influenced the secretome profile, alterations found in protein types and also their function in the biological process. During 24 hours of starvation, cells secreted proteins that were used to maintain cell growth, stimulate differentiation, and produce energy, but there were also proteins that identified and involved in autophagy activation. After 48 hours of starvation, astrocytes that became the dominant cells secreted proteins that try to keep protecting the remaining neurons.

Background Conditioned medium is the medium obtained from certain cultured cells and contained secretome from the cells. The secretome, which can be in the form of growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, or other proteins secreted by the cells, can induce the differentiation of cells that still have pluripotent or multipotent properties. Objectives This study examined the effects of conditioned medium derived from E17 rat brain cells on cells with pluripotent properties. Methods The conditioned medium used in this study originated from E17 rat brain cells. The CM was used to induce the differentiation of primary colonies of mice blastocysts. Primary colonies were stained with alkaline phosphatase to analyze the pluripotency. The morphological changes in the colonies were examined, and the colonies were stained with GFAP and Neu-N markers on days two and seven after adding the conditioned medium. Results The conditioned medium could differentiate the primary colony, beginning with the formation of embryoid-body-like structure; round GFAP positive cells were identified. Finally, neuron-like cells testing positive for Neu-N were observed on the seventh day after adding the conditioned medium. Conclusions Conditioned medium from different species, in this case, E17 rat brain cells, induced and promoted the differentiation of the primary colony from mice blastocysts into neuron-like cells. The addition of CM mediated neurite growth in the differentiation process.

Tofu dregs are feed ingredients with high nutritional content and easy to rot. Therefore a silage storage technique is needed to preserve and reduce environmental pollution. The process of preserving high-protein feed by silage has a weakness in the process of lowering the pH. This happens because the ammonia from the deamination process is alkaline . The silage processing can converting some nutrients into organic acids which can improve livestock health and production. The Complete feed silage which was supplemented with tofu dregs was carried out on thin-tailed local rams aged 8-10 months and body weight 16-18 kg. The rams were grouped to 4 groups. The first gorup was P0 = complete feed which was suplemented with tofu dregs without silage processing compared to P1 = P0 + silage processing which was fermented for at least 14 days. The data then analyzed using t-independent method in a randomized block design on the basis of body weight. The results of the study showed that the average dry matter consumption of livestock was not significantly different P>0.1, the increase in monthly weight was higher in group P1 with a P value <0.05, the silage process increased the efficiency of p<0.05. Both treatment had no effect on cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, red blood grains and white blood grains. So it can be concluded that feeding by silage is better than fresh   . Keywords: Silage, rams, tofu dregs  

Interspecies embryo transfer is a seldom-used method to increase the successful conservation of endangered species. The study aimed to determine the potential development of interspecies reconstructed embryos. The present study used two animal models, Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and mice (Mus musculus). The isolated inner cell mass (ICM) of hamster embryos were injected into the mice embryos. The embryos were transferred to the pseudopregnant mice using non-surgery embryos transfer methods. The fetuses were collected at day 13.5 of gestation for morphometric measurement and cytochrome b (Cyt b) analysis which used to determine the species of obtained fetuses. The results showed that the viability, pregnancy rate, and embryonic implantation ability of the interpecies reconstructed embryos did not differ significantly (p>0.05) compared to non-reconstructed embryos. Morphometric measurement showed that the crown-rump (CR) and the weight of fetuses in the reconstructed group were significantly higher than non-reconstructed group (p<0.05). According to Cytb analysis, the species of obtained fetuses were mice, while the population of hamster cells were found only in the blighted ovum (resorption). Therefore, it can be concluded that interspecies reconstructed embryos are able to implant. However, the population of mice cells are only found to develop.

Kolik merupakan penyakit yang sering dialami oleh kuda. Kondisi kolik secara umum akan menyebabkan perubahan pada kondisi fisiologis kuda. Tulisan ini melaporkan kondisi parameter fisiologi sebelum dan setelah penanganan pada kuda yang mengalami kolik ringan. Beberapa gejala klinis yang muncul pada kedua kuda adalah menakur-nakur, memojok, napas terengah-engah, dan tidak memakan pelet. Hasil pemeriksaan parameter fisiologi kuda yang mengalami kolik ringan menunjukkan kedua kuda mengalami peningkatan frekuensi denyut jantung, frekuensi denyut nadi, frekuensi respirasi dan frekuensi peristaltik usus kuda hanya terdengar 1 kali. Temperatur tubuh dan warna mukosa kedua kuda dalam kondisi normal. Kedua kuda tidak berdefekasi sebelum penanganan. Kedua kuda diberikan terapi berupa penyuntikan obat non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) flunixin intravena. Selain itu, kuda juga diajak berjalan-jalan dan dilakukan penundaan pemberian pakan. Hasil pemeriksaan parameter fisiologi kedua kuda setelah penanganan berhasil menurunkan frekuensi denyut jantung, frekuensi denyut nadi, frekuensi respirasi dari nilai sebelum penanganan menjadi normal. Peristaltik usus kedua kuda meningkat yang disertai dengan defekasi. Suhu tubuh dan warna mukosa kedua kuda dalam kondisi normal