BackgroundThe heart and lungs are intimately linked anatomically and physiologically, and, as a result, heart failure (HF) patients often develop changes in pulmonary function. This study examined the prognostic value of resting pulmonary function (PF) in HF.Methods and resultsIn all, 134 HF patients (enrolled from January 1, 1999 Through December 31, 2005; ejection fraction (EF) = 29% ± 11%; mean age = 55 ± 12 years; 65% male) were followed for 67 ± 34 months with death/transplant confirmed via the Social Security Index and Mayo Clinic registry. PF included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and alveolar volume (VA). Patients were divided in tertiles according to PF with survival analysis via log-rank Mantel-Cox test with chi-square analysis. Groups for FVC included (1) >96%, (2) 96% to 81%, and (3) <81% predicted (chi-square = 18.9, P < 0.001). Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (BC) suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001) and 2 and 3 (P = 0.008). Groups for FEV1 included (1) >94%, (2) 94% to 77%, and (3) <77% predicted (chi-square = 17.3, P <0.001). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P <0.001). Groups for DLCO included (1) >90%, (2) 90% to 75%, and (3) <75% predicted (chi-square = 11.9, P = 0.003). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). Groups for VA included (1) >97%, (2) 97% to 87%, and (3) <87% predicted (Chi-square = 8.5, P = 0.01). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.014) and 1 and 3 (P = 0.003).ConclusionsIn a well-defined cohort of HF patients, resting measures of PF are predictive of all-cause mortality.
Recent anecdotal reports have linked energy drink consumption with adverse cardiovascular side effects, especially among college‐aged persons. Drinks, such as Monster Energy (ME), contain a wide variety of ingredients, including but not limited to caffeine, whose physiological effects are not completely understood. This study sought to determine if ME was associated with physiologically significant changes. Following an overnight fast, human subjects (age 19.39±1.03 years; 52 female; 23 male) were randomized to ME (2 servings; 480ml; 200 Cal), Isocaloric sugar water (480 ml; 200 Calories), low Cal sugar water (480 ml; 100 Calories), Water (480 ml; 0 calories), or nothing. Heart rate (HR), hematocrit (Hct%), SpO2, blood glucose, urine specific gravity (USG), urine volume (UV), and urine formation rate (UFR) were measured before beverage administration (0‐minutes), then 30‐, 60‐, and 120‐min postprandially. Visual reaction times (VRT) were measured at 0‐ and 60 min. No significant changes in HR, Hct%, SpO2, UV, and UFR were observed within or between groups. Blood glucose did increase significantly for subjects receiving 200 and 100 calorie treatments. USG decreased significantly in all subjects receiving any beverage. VRT improved significantly following ME consumption. This study suggests that ME consumption improves reaction time and was not associated with any adverse effects.
Background: The heart and lungs are intimately linked anatomically and physiologically, and, as a result, heart failure (HF) patients often develop changes in pulmonary function. This study examined the prognostic value of resting pulmonary function (PF) in HF. Methods and results: In all, 134 HF patients (enrolled from January 1, 1999 Through December 31, 2005; ejection fraction (EF) = 29% ± 11%; mean age = 55 ± 12 years; 65% male) were followed for 67 ± 34 months with death/transplant confirmed via the Social Security Index and Mayo Clinic registry. PF included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DL CO ), and alveolar volume (VA). Patients were divided in tertiles according to PF with survival analysis via log-rank Mantel-Cox test with chi-square analysis. Groups for FVC included (1) .96%, (2) 96% to 81%, and (3) ,81% predicted (chi-square = 18.9, P , 0.001). Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (BC) suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P , 0.001) and 2 and 3 (P = 0.008). Groups for FEV 1 included (1) .94%, (2) 94% to 77%, and (3) ,77% predicted (chi-square = 17.3, P , 0.001). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P , 0.001). Groups for DL CO included (1) .90%, (2) 90% to 75%, and (3) ,75% predicted (chi-square = 11.9, P = 0.003). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P , 0.001). Groups for VA included (1) .97%, (2) 97% to 87%, and (3) ,87% predicted (Chi-square = 8.5, P = 0.01). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.014) and 1 and 3 (P = 0.003). Conclusions: In a well-defined cohort of HF patients, resting measures of PF are predictive of all-cause mortality.
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