improved postatal growth. This may help to reduce the high infant mortality suffered by Asian groups.

Background: Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when there is an interruption in the forward flow of intestinal contents. This interruption can occur at any point along the length of the gastrointestinal tract, and clinical symptoms often vary based on the level of obstruction. Objectives: To evaluate the causes of obstruction of patients who were treated conservatively for acute intestinal obstruction. Materials & Method: A cross-sectional observational study. The study was carried out in the Surgery In-patient Department of Comilla Medical College Hospital, Comilla, from 01.07.2013 to 31.12.2013. A total of 246 patients got admitted to the surgery in-patient department and diagnosed as a case of intestinal obstruction. 101 patients of both sex, aged 23-79 responded to initial conservative treatment and were recruited for the study. The remaining 145 patients underwent emergency surgery for intestinal obstruction and were excluded from the study. All data gathered from the data collection sheet was compiled manually. After compilation, these data were shifted to statistical analysis software for further analysis. Results: Out of 246 intestinal obstruction patients, we recorded 101 patients who responded to conservative management. 59 (58.4%) patients were male, and the remaining were female. Peak Incidence (45.5%) was in 51-66 years age group. 54(53.4%) patients presented with large bowel obstruction, the remaining with small bowel obstruction. Most of the patients 68 (67.3%), presented with sub-acute obstruction, followed by acute 28 (27.7%) and chronic 5 (4.9%) obstruction, respectively. 12(11.8%) patients were diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma, 5(4.9%) patients with intestinal TB, and 1(0.9%) patient with diverticulosis. 10(83.3%) of the patients with Colorectal carcinoma were in the elderly age group (>50 years) whereas two patients were below 80 years of age. The cause of obstruction could not be detected in 83 (82.2%) patients by colonoscopy. ..............

Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the managements of surgical emergencies of suspected and high-risk patients of COVID-19. Method: This observational study was conducted at Tertiary medical college and hospital from May 2020 to March 2021. Where 80 COVID-19 suspected patients of both genders with different ages (15- 65) who was admitted to OPD for surgical emergencies. Results: During the study, majority belong to 56-65years age group, 35% and most of them were male, 65%. According to distribution of patients according their emergency conditions, 35% cases were burst appendix, 30% cases perforation gas containing hollow viscus, 25% were Intestinal obstructions. Mean duration of hospital was 6.5±1.2 days and intussusception seen in 5 cases after surgery. Conclusions: In conclusion, the number of emergency surgeries decreased during the pandemic. Perhaps a new algorithm is required for emergencies in these unusual situations.

Like most crops, sugarcane needs to be kept upright until it is harvested. The lodging of sugarcane has significant negative effects on the cane yield and sugar content of sugarcane. To keep sugarcane upright, earthing up is an essential in the cultural part of the operation. In Bangladesh, most of the sugarcane cultivation operations, including earthing-up, are generally performed in a traditional manual method which increases the production costs as well as reduces the income of sugarcane growers. Therefore, a cost-effective two-wheeled tractor (2WT)-mounted earthing-up machine was developed at the Bangladesh Sugarcrop Research Institute (BSRI), Pabna, to reduce drudgery and the cost of sugarcane production. Field tests were conducted in an experimental sugarcane field at BSRI and technical and economic performances of the developed earthing-up machine were also carried out based on the field test. The average effective field capacity and field efficiency of the earthing-up machine were found to be 0.16 ha/h and 77.41%, respectively. The 2WT-driven earthing-up machine was not found to be economically viable when it was used only for earthing-up operations. However, when the 2WT was used as the main driver for other activities, including earthing-up operation, the earthing-up machine became economically beneficial with net cash flow (NCF), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit–cost ratio (BCR), and payback period (PP) of BDT 148,497/ha, BDT 23,184, 3%, 3.81:1, and approximately 1 year, respectively. On the contrary, considering the cost of only earthing-up tool without 2WT, it was found to be economically beneficial with NCF, NPV, IRR, BCR, and PP of BDT 16,428/ha, BDT 3053, 4.7%, 2.71:1, and approximately 2 years, respectively. In Bangladesh, 2WT is commonly used for versatile farming purposes. Therefore, the versatile use of 2WT as a prime mover for other machines, including the earthing-up machine, can make earthing-up machine economically viable and beneficial for sugarcane growers in Bangladesh.