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Antimicrobials from plant have enormous therapeutic potentials which have been established a long time ago. The leaves of Chromolaena odarata (commonly called Siam weed), which is an ancient remedy for the treatment of wounds and many ailments was tested for its antimicrobial activities on S. Typhi and Escherichia coli. The agar pour plate method was used to test for its antimicrobial activity on the test isolate, the extracts of Chromolaena odorata was introduced directly into the wells of the two tested organism. Laboratory study shows that Chromolaena odorata has antimicrobial action against these organisms. However, result after a 72hr incubation showed that ethanol extract had the highest zone of inhibition for S. Typhi (37.7mm) and water extract on E coli (32.3mm) and also mean value of leaf extracts of Chromolaena odarata were found to exhibit a significant antibacterial activity against S. Typhi as compared to E. coli, revealing that the extract of Chromolaena odarata is more effective on S. Typhi than E. coli. This research work establishes a good support to the use of these plants in herbal Remedies and as base for development of new drugs against typhoid fever and E. coli related diseases.This study however concludes that further investigation on the use of this plant should be carried out to test against pathogens of worldwide burden as well as the relative side effects and mechanism of action. RECOMMENDATIONThe present investigations on Medicinal plant C. odorata is considered as a clinically effective antimicrobial agent against S. Typhi and E. coli. Hence it is recommended as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics for the control of typhoid fever and diseases of E. coli origin such as diarrhoea, urinary tract infection (UTI) etc. The screenings of this medicinal plant reveals it as a source of antimicrobial agents.

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The bioassay of the molluscicidal Activities of J. curcas leaves against Biomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated in vitro, using Crude and 70% methanolic extracts in a two-phased rapid and final screening test. The rapid screening of the crude extracts, for the minimal molluscicidal concentration (LC100), of the snails was less active (>500ppm), compared to the methanolic extracts (<500ppm). The final screening, revealed an LC50 and LC100 values of 6 and 30ppm respectively. Further investigation based on exposure, revealed a mortality within 12 hours, which meets WHO standard of less than 24 hours for a potential molluscicide. These results confirmed that J. curcas leaves can be regarded as a potential molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis and therefore encourage the cultivation of this plant in endemic regions.

Recent interest in infectious disease threats to clinical microbiology and public health is

The concern over exposure to drinking water contaminated and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of drinking water sources. This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological and Physico-chemical qualities of commercial borehole water within Otuoke community in Bayelsa state Nigeria. Ten (10) water samples were collected from the various locations designated as (A-J). The Physico-chemical parameters were determined by using the photometric technique through the Colour Q photometer and the bacteriological analysis was determined by using aerobic plate method. The Physico-chemical parameters of the water samples analysed were within the acceptable limit of WHO standard of drinking water quality except for Bromine and cyanuric acid which ranged from 1.6±0.1 to 2.7±0.1 and 2±1 to 9±1 respectively. The Result of total bacteria count obtained from the borehole water samples ranged from 1.1 x 105cfu/ml to 6.9 x 105cfu/ml and there was no detected growth for the faecal coliform count of most of the samples except for BHW-I and BHW-J which had 1.3 x 104 to 7.9 x 104 respectively. Bacteria isolated and identified using conventional biochemical test include E. coli (17.9%), Klebsiella spp. (35.7%), Salmonella spp(25.0%), Enterobacter aerogenes (21.4%) The study therefore suggests that all the borehole water tested in Otuoke and environs are considered unsafe for consumption and therefore regular treatment before usage is recommended.

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Poultry waste are not properly disposed and most rural farmers make use of it as manure therefore poultry wastes may serve as source of enteric organism capable of infecting humans. The antibiotic resistance from these bacteria can be transferred to natural microbial community as a result of involvement of antibiotics in poultry farming. This research was carried out to assess the multidrug resistant pattern of enteric bacteria in poultry stool dropping. samples of poultry droppings were obtained from a free-range commercial poultry farm in Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Samples were cultured on selective and differential media. 16 isolates of enteric bacteria were obtained from poultry stool droppings. The isolates identified were of four genera. Salmonella species which is predominant 6(37%) followed by Escerichia coli 5(31%) Proteus species 3(19%) and Kiebsiella species 2(13%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. Gram negative antibiotics including crioxacin cefprozil, nitrofuration, ceftazidime co-trimoxazole, genetamicin, cefuroximo. The resistant pattern in among the gram negative pathogens revealed that more than 98% were resistant to nitrofuratioin cefprozil, gentamicin and augumentin while 12.89% resistant to certazidime, 90.10% resistant to augmentin, 15.32% cefuroxime, 12.30% co-trimoxazole, 38.17% resistant to gentamicin, 15.20% resistant to cefprozil and 50.20% resistant to ofloxacin, Multidrug resistance species were isolated from poultry stool dropping and some of the bacterial isolates are potentially pathogenic to humans and animals and therefore poses a serious threat to public health.