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AbstractThis paper conceives of residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon varying along five distinct axes of measurement: evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering. Twenty indices of segregation are surveyed and related conceptually to one of the five dimensions. Using data from a large set of U.S. metropolitan areas, the indices are intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Orthogonal and oblique rotations produce pattern matrices consistent with the postulated dimensional structure. Based on the factor analyses and other information, one index was chosen to represent each of the five dimensions, and these selections were confirmed with a principal components analysis. The paper recommends adopting these indices as standard indicators in future studies of segregation.After decades of lively debate on the nature of residential segregation and how to measure it, Duncan and Duncan (1955a) ushered in a long era of peace by demonstrating that there was little information in any of the prevailing indices not contained in the index of dissimilarity and the minority proportion, a conclusion subsequently reaffirmed by Taeuber and Taeuber (1965). For more than 20 years afterwards, the dissimilarity index served as the standard segregation measure, routinely employed to measure spatial segregation between social groups. This Pax Duncana came to an abrupt end in 1976, with the publication of a critique of the dissimilarity index by Cortese, Falk, and Cohen (1976). Ironically, this paper did not have a serious direct impact on the measurement of residential segregation. Practitioners did not take its criticisms too seriously
This review culls disparate elements from the theoretical and research literature on human migration to argue for the construction of a theory of migration that simultaneously incorporates multiple levels of analysis within a longitudinal perspective. A detailed review of interconnections among individual behavior, household strategies, community structures, and national political economies indicates that inter-level and inter-temporal dependencies are inherent to the migration process and give it a strong internal momentum. The dynamic interplay between network growth and individual migration labor, migration remittances, and local income distributions all create powerful feedback mechanisms that lead to the cumulative causation of migration. These mechanisms are reinforced and shaped by macrolevel relationships within the larger political economy.
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