-The effect of organic fertilization with cattle manure on fertility properties of soils with different clay contents was evaluated; as well as the influence of cattle manure fertilization on the production of lettuce, and on subsequent arugula and common chicory grown in these soils. The experiment with pot plants was arranged in randomized blocks and analyzed in a 3x6 factorial design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil types with different clay contents (166; 362; 565 g kg -1) and six cattle manure rates (0; 10; 20; 40; 80, and 160 t ha -1 ). Batches of each soil were manured, limed, filled in pots, moistened, and incubated for 30 days. Then, mineral base fertilization was applied and one lettuce seedling per each pot was grown. After lettuce harvest, the residual effect of organic fertilization was assessed in two subsequent crops, first arugula and then common chicory. The application of up to 160 t ha -1 cattle manure reduces soil acidity and increases nutrient contents, particularly of P, K and Zn, in soils with 165 to 565 g kg -1 clay content. Fertilization with cattle manure at rates of up to 160 t ha -1 increases electrical conductivity of soils, without affecting growth and yield of the leafy vegetables. Cattle manuring increases the yield of lettuce, as well as of arugula and common chicory grown afterwards.Keywords: Lactuca sativa. Cichorium intybus. Eruca sativa. Organic fertilization. Sucessive crop. ATRIBUTOS DE FERTILIDADE E PRODUÇÃO DE HORTALIÇAS FOLHOSAS EM SOLOS ADUBADOS COM ESTERCO BOVINORESUMO -O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da adubação com esterco bovino em atributos de fertilidade de solos com diferentes teores de argila e, verificar a influência da adubação com esterco bovino na produção de alface americana, e da rúcula e almeirão, cultivados de forma sucessiva a alface. O experimento foi realizado em vasos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três solos com diferentes teores de argila (166; 362; 565 g kg -1 ) e seis doses de esterco bovino (0; 10; 20; 40; 80 e 160 t ha -1 ). Porções de cada solo receberam esterco bovino e calcário, foram transferidas para vasos, umedecidas e incubadas por 30 dias. A seguir, efetuou-se adubação mineral de plantio e cada vaso recebeu uma muda de alface. Após a colheita da alface, para avaliar o efeito residual da adubação orgânica foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, um de rúcula e outro de almeirão. A aplicação de até 160 t ha -1 de esterco bovino diminui a acidez e, aumenta os teores de nutrientes, particularmente P, K e Zn em solos com teores de argila de 165 a 565 g kg -1 . A adubação com esterco bovino em doses de até 160 t ha -1 aumenta a condutividade elétrica dos solos, e esse acréscimo não prejudica o crescimento e a produção de hortaliças folhosas. A adubação com esterco bovino aumenta a produção de alface, como também a de rúcula e almeirão, cultivados de forma suc...

RESUMOO presente trabalho foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Vegetal, setor de Horticultura, da UNESP-Campus de Botucatu, SP com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica de nutrientes catiônicos na raiz e folha e efeitos na produção de matéria seca da raiz e parte aérea em berinjela cultivada sobre condições de doses crescentes de potássio oriundas de duas fontes distintas (KCl e K 2 SO 4 ). O experimento foi disposto em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 4 (duas fontes de potássio: KCl e K 2 SO 4 e quatro doses de cada fonte equivalente a, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 kg ha -1 de K 2 O) perfazendo oito tratamentos com três repetições. Para a condução do experimento, utilizou-se Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura média (615 g de areia, 45 g de silte e 340 g de argila por quilograma de solo). As características avaliadas foram: condutividade elétrica do solo, massa de matéria parte aérea e raízes, teor e relação de K + , Ca 2+ e Mg 2+ nas raízes e folhas de berinjela. Conclui-se que fontes e doses excessivas de K 2 O afetaram a produção de massa de matéria seca da raiz e parte aérea assim como a condutividade elétrica. O acúmulo e a relação de Ca 2+ /K + , Mg 2+ /K + foram afetados pelo aumento da concentração de K + e o fertilizante que foi menos prejudicial foi o K 2 SO 4 . ABSTRACTThis study was conducted at the Department of Plant Production, Sector Horticulture, UNESP -Botucatu, SP, Brazil, in order to assess the dynamics of cationic nutrients in roots and leaves and effects on dry matter production of roots and shoots in eggplant grown on conditions of increasing doses of potassium from two distinct sources (KCl and K 2 SO 4 ). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks in factorial 2 × 4 (two sources of potassium, KCl and K 2 SO 4 and four doses of each source equivalent, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 kg ha -1 K 2 O) comprising eight treatments with three replicates. For the experiment we used Oxisol medium texture (615 g of sand, silt 45 g and 340 g clay per kg soil). The characteristics evaluated were: soil electrical conductivity, mass of shoot and root material, content and ratio of K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in roots and leaves of eggplant. We conclude that excessive doses of sources of K 2 O affected the production of dry matter of roots and shoots, as well as electrical conductivity. The accumulation and the relationship of Ca2+/K+, Mg 2+ /K + were affected by increased K + concentration; K 2 SO 4 was the fertilizer that was less damaging .

Micronutrient elements such as zinc, boron copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and chlorine are frequently responsible by the regulatory activity of the cell organelles, being nutrients that are absorbed and found in lower concentrations in plant tissues, they also contribute to supply the nutritional exigency of the plant. Study with Zea mays plants exposed to Zn toxicity + Si presented significant increases in stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency, respectively, in comparison with treatment only with Zn. In relation to chlorophylls a, b and total and carotenoids presented non-significant increases, when compared to plants exposed to Zn toxicity. This study revealed the positive contribution of the Si on gas exchange and reduction of the negative effects provoked on chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize plants under Zn toxicity. Other results described that prolonged exposure to excessive Cu resulted in serious toxic effects on the rice seedlings. In contrast, Tre pretreatment has been shown to be beneficial in alleviating Cu toxicity, which was mainly attributed to the ability of Tre to restrict Cu uptake and accumulation to maintain Cu homeostasis, and to induce production of antioxidant and Gly enzymes to alleviate excessive Cu-triggered oxidative stress. Stress caused by the excessive supply of micronutrients to plants frequently promotes repercussions on oxidant system, inducing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The oxidative damage is a situation characterized by the large ROS accumulation and insufficient detoxification promoted by antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tolerance of plants to toxicity induced by micronutrients, as uses of other elements and substances, in which it can positively act with specific transporters, metal ion homeostasis and compartmentalization of micronutrients into the vacuole. Keywords: gas exchange, antioxidant metabolism, metals, photosynthetic pigments © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. . IntroductionLarge amounts of minerals and organic materials can be found in soil [ ] and some of these materials have great significance in the anatomical development and plant morphology. The soil fertility is an important factor of agronomic order. It is related to provision of essential elements in the soil, where the plant will absorb adequate levels of important substances to work with its metabolism [ ]. The nutrients are arranged in ionic form, which can interact with the root system of plants via three mechanisms interception root, diffusion, or mass flow [ ].The plants require basic conditions to develop and supply the essential elements to aid with the metabolism ...

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Silicon (Si) plays specific functions in agriculture. Si is a beneficial element, as it accumulates at high amounts in plant tissue. Si accumulation in cell walls reduces water loss by transpiration and may be an adaptation factor to water stress. This study evaluated the efficiency of different corn crops using calcium silicate as a reducer of hydric stress. The experiment was organized in a factorial scheme, completely randomized, with two doses of calcium silicate (0 and 100 % according to soil liming) with two irrigation depths: (30 and 100 % of necessary water reposition in the soil) and two corn cultivars: (cv. BRS-1010) considered sensitive to hydric stress and (cv. DKB-390) tolerant to hydric stress. The study comprised four repetitions. We studied dry matter production on leaves and stem, weight of 1000 seeds and crop yield. We measured efficiency of gas exchange and water use to compare the different treatments. The results for stem and leaves dry matter were better in both cultivars when using calcium silicate, regardless of irrigation depth. Both corn cultivars cv. BRS-1010, sensitive to hydric stress, and cv. DKB-390, tolerant to hydric stress, had greater yield in the presence of calcium silicate, when at the smallest irrigation dose was applied. The treatment with calcium silicate was the most efficient in water use, using 30% of irrigation depth. Cv. DKB 390 was the most productive, with greater tolerance to water stress.

Consumption of vegetables worldwide has increased, not only by population growth but also by the trend of changes in consumers' eating habits, making it inevitable to increase production. The consumer of vegetables has become more demanding, having to produce them in quantity and quality, as well as maintaining their supply throughout the year. Hydroponics is an alternative technique of cultivation in a protected environment, in which the nutritious solution is replaced by the nutrient solution. Among the essential mineral nutrients for plants, K stands out for its influence on quality attributes that affect the concentration of phytonutrients critical for human health. It acts as the determinants in the commercialization of vegetables, and can be found in various foods such as vegetables, and fruits. Adequate levels of this nutrient will benefit the consumer's health and also prevent disease. Among the essential plant nutrients, K stands out for its influence on quality attributes that affect the concentration of phytonutrients critical to human health. The horticulturist should prioritize the use of potassic fertilizers with lower salt content, if possible free of chlorine and containing magnesium and sulfur. However, it is essential to remember that the high potassium content in plants can induce deficiency of calcium and magnesium.

Aims: The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological and biometric parameters of the soybean crop in potassic fertilization sources under different irrigation blades. Two potassium sources (ground rock, “phonolite”, with 9% K2O and potassium chloride with 60% K2O) and five irrigation blades (30, 70, 100, 130 and 160% of the recommended blade) were used. Study Design: The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with ten treatments and four replications, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, totaling 40 vessels. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Agronomy, UNIFENAS, between March 2018 and November 2018. Methodology: Soil moisture was determined through tensiometers, using a water potential of -30kPa, considered adequate for the soybean crop. At the end of the crop cycle, the weight of shoot dry matter, weight of 1000 seeds, weight of seeds standardized to 13% moisture, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, besides nutrient content of the leaf tissue, were evaluated. Conclusion: KCl favors the accumulation of dry matter, weight of 1000 grains and grain production in the soybean crop in the different irrigation blades. Phonolite increases calcium and magnesium contents in the leaves, independently of the irrigation blade used, also favoring the increase in phosphorus and sulfur contents when soil moisture increases.

A cafeicultura tem grande importância econômica no território nacional, entretanto, enfrenta algumas limitações no seu manejo, principalmente na sua implantação, pelo fato de comprometer todo o processo produtivo. A utilização de bioativadores de microrganismos no solo na instalação de lavouras cafeeiras gera um impacto de reciclagem de nutrientes auxiliando no aproveitamento, desenvolvimento e absorção da lavoura cafeeira. Os bioestimulantes à base de algas marinhas, enzimas e microrganismo solo, vêm sendo utilizados como uma alternativa para nutrição de plantas, pelo fato da intensa demanda de nutrientes no sistema atual de agricultura. Neste estudo, objetivou-se verificar o efeito de diferentes dosagens de bioativador de solo (Vitasoil®) na implantação de lavoura cafeeira (Catuai 144 vermelho). Foram testados uma aplicação via solo em 5 doses de 4, 6, 8,10 e 12 gramas por planta, somada a 3 aplicações de 3 gramas via foliar na mesma, para fazer a utilização da mesma ocorreu a hidratação com 100 ml de água para cada grama de produto. Aos 120 dias foram realizadas avaliações no experimento, medições da parte aérea e radicular, contagem de folhas, espessura do caule, pesagem da fração aérea e radicular verde e seca, área foliar e relação parte aérea /raiz. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso. Entre os dados analisados observou que o uso do bioativador se mostrou superior estatisticamente quando comparado à testemunha, não diferindo entre si em dosagens. O ativador de microbiota de solo (Vitasoil®) aplicado via solo e foliar em mudas de café, promoveu um melhor desenvolvimento inicial do cafeeiro sendo observado em diâmetro, peso verde e seco, número de folhas por muda, área foliar, altura de planta, comprimento de raiz e relação parte aérea/raiz.