We have investigated the cardiovascular actions of vanadate, a naturally occurring Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, in six series of pentobarbitalized dogs. In three of the series, isomotic sodium vanadate was infused intravenously at progressively faster rates while arterial pressure and other parameters were measured. In two other series, the solution was infused directly into the coronary artery with coronary flow held constant during measurement of perfusion pressure, left ventricular contractile force (LVCF), and dP/dt. In one series, the agent was infused into the brachial artery with brachial artery flow held constant, and small and large vessel resistances in skin and muscle were calculated. Intravenous infusion increased arterial pressure and reduced cardiac output, the latter resulting from both decreased heart rate and stroke volume. LVCF fell. Total peripheral, pulmonary, coronary, and renal resistances rose. Coronary and renal flows fell, and the latter was associated with reduced urine flow. Intracoronary infusion raised coronary resistance, but had little effect on heart rate, LVCF, and dP/dt. Intrabrachial infusion raisedthe resistance to flow through all components of the forelimb vascular bed. Thus, in the dog, vanadate activates vascular smooth muscle, but has little effect on cardiac muscle. In the latter respect, its action differs from that of ouabain.
Introduction
Although stigma has been linked to poor quality of life, studies examining its prevalence in dystonia are lacking. Our objective was to determine prevalence and predictors of stigma against generalized dystonia in diverse cultural settings.
Method
Participants were 273 (65.9% female) patients and visitors approached at primary care clinics from three populations: León, Nicaragua (92 participants); a mostly-Hispanic Clinic in Omaha, NE USA (85 participants); and a mostly-non-Hispanic population in Omaha, Nebraska (96 participants). Participants learned about generalized dystonia, epilepsy and schizophrenia through reading a small vignette and viewing videos, followed by a questionnaire designed to identify stigma. We compared levels of stigma between dystonia and other conditions at different sites and measured variables that could affect them.
Results
Prevalence of stigma was high toward dystonia (33.00%), similar to epilepsy and lower than schizophrenia. The results showed a complex relationship between the studied variables and level of stigma, especially with age. Female gender predicted more stigmatizing answers. Country of origin, level of education and self-identification of Hispanic ethnicity did not affect stigma. Learning more personal information about the dystonia patient decreased dystonia, a proof that unjustified preliminary negative judgment was present.
Conclusions
Stigma against generalized dystonia was very prevalent across all the communities studied. Demographic and socio-cultural variables had different correlations to level of stigma, underlying the complexity of this problem. The alarming levels of stigma against dystonia justify further studies on how to minimize its impact on our patients.
An attempt to increase the permeability of gastric mucosa to exogenous Krebs cycle intermediates seemed advisable for a better understanding their relationship with acid secretion. At pH 7.4, citrate, oxoglutarate, fumarate, and malate had no significant effect on oxygen uptake (QO2) nor on acid secretion (QH+) by toad gastric mucosa; succinate increased QO2 slightly and had no effect on QH+; but at pH 5.0, oxoglutarate and succinate increased QO2 by 18 and 21%, respectively. 14CO2 evolved by gastric mucosa incubated with [14C]oxoglutarate, succinate, malate, or citrate was 155, 92, 128, and 353%, respectively, greater at pH 5. Citrate, oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate increased QH+ by theophylline-stimulated mucosa at pH 5.0 by 25, 39, 35, 17 and 28%, respectively. Oxoglutarate-dependent respiration was shown to correlate with oxoglutarate oxidation. Malonate and arsenite inhibited QO2 and QH+; malonate inhibition was reversed by washout or by succinate. Arsenite was reversed by washout and accelerated by addition of lipoate immediately after washout. The results suggest that the Krebs cycle has concomitant roles in the regulation of QH+ and oxidative metabolism in the toad gastric mucosa.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.