The analysis of multigroup invariance helps to test the validity of the research model. Satisfaction with parenting is one of the important factors regulating population reproduction and parenting willingness. Research on satisfaction with parenting of specific social groups can provide a more targeted understanding of the specific factors that affect their parenting behavior and parenting motivation. The satisfaction with parenting of parents with left behind experience may be affected by the primary family and the current family. The purpose of the present study was to examine the invariance between gender of the satisfaction with parenting for parents with left behind experience. The sample consisted of 431 parents (204 male and 227 female) with left behind experience, which conducted in 2021 in Sichuan, China. Multigroup analysis supported measurement invariance between gender, which include measurement weights, measurement intercepts, structural covariance, and measurement residuals. These results provide evidence that the model of satisfaction with parenting in the current and primary family for parents who were left behind children is a valid parenting satisfaction measure to be used among male and female actors with such experience in some regions - in particular, some regions with high number of left behind children in China.

The article is devoted to the study of a unique phenomenon of Chinese socio-economic reality – the phenomenon of "left behind children". It proposes a specific approach to the study of such children, which consists in considering them in adulthood as subjects of parental labor already implemented by them. The purpose of our study is to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of the sociological study of "left behind children" as subjects of parental labor in China. The study is planned to identify the specifics of the organization of work of Chinese subjects of parental labor, who are "left behind children", to conduct a comparative analysis of the motivation of parental work in various subjects of this type of labor in China, to assess the satisfaction with parental work of its subjects, who themselves were "left behind children". The following methodological principles of their study are proposed: application of an interdisciplinary approach; the use of a differentiated study of the characteristics of various subjects of parental labor, who are "left behind children"; consideration of regional differences; a combination of various methods of collecting information and a set of statistical methods for analysis; labor approach to the study of this phenomenon and based on the results obtained in the study of parental labor. The article presents a set of empirical indicators for the sociological study of the phenomenon of parental labor, the subjects of which are the Chinese "left behind children". We divide the system of empirical indicators into three levels: 1) research objectives are the three contents of the research plan; 2) blocks of empirical indicators include: conditions for the implementation of parental labor, the time it takes to implement parental labor; internal needs, external incentives; the expectations of the subjects of parental labor, the perceived quality of parental labor, satisfaction with the relationship between parents and children, confrontation between parents and children; 3) multiple empirical indicators under the block of empirical indicators.

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Various social institutions may be involved in the implementation of the state’s pro-natalist policy. Family-friendly corporate policies, common in many countries, are still quite rare in Russia. At the same time, many socio-economic indicators significantly differ across Russian regions. The study aims to identify regional development models of the Russian corporate sector and determine those models that have the highest potential for dissemination of family-friendly corporate policies aimed at increasing the birth rate of the population in these regions. It is hypothesised that such Russian regions can be identified based on a multidimensional classification of socio-economic indicators. The hierarchical cluster analysis was used to model the Russian economic space. Then, the clusters were further grouped according to additional variables. The article analysed official regional statistics characterising the development of the corporate sector. Five clusters of Russian regions were identified. It is proved that corporate family-friendly policies can be disseminated in two regions in particular. Specific demographic (in particular, low birth rate and growth potential) and economic (high innovative activity, small number of loss-making enterprises, the highest demographic indicators among organisations and the average level of priveate consumption) conditions are observed in these clusters. It is concluded that in the corporate sector of these Russian regions, family-friendly policy may gain popularity among staff. This approach, accessible to enterprises, can act as an effective tool of demographic policy. Further research should focus on the analysis of cases of Russian enterprises implementing family-friendly policies, identification of benchmarks, assessment of the possibilities of scaling such experience and forecasting its demographic results.