Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is a set of ophthalmic symptoms resulting from an autoimmune process in which the swelling of extraocular tissues leads to exophthalmos either caused by hypersecretion and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the orbit fibroblasts or being the result of inflammatory processes in the oculomotor. These changes cause eyeball motility disturbances, keratopathy, and the pressure on the optical nerve. Thyroid-associated orbitopathy accompanies Graves' disease in most cases, whereas the Hashimoto's disease in only 5%. In the present case, other reasons for the exophthalmos such as tumors of the orbit and sinuses, intracranial tumors, aneurysms and vascular fistulas and orbit tissue inflammation of different etiology were excluded. Additional examinations showed that thyrotropin level was 26 µIU/ml (normal range 0.27-4.0), antithyroglobulin antibody level was 1763 IU/ml (normal range 0-115), antithyrotropin antibody level was 4.93 IU/l (normal range 0-1), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody level was 1609 IU/ml (normal range 0-35). An ultrasound examination showed a thyroid gland of 9.8 ml volume. A cytological presentation obtained by thin-needle aspiration biopsy demonstrated inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes, indicating an autoimmune process. The iodine uptake after 24 hours was 9%. The active form of orbitopathy was diagnosed in the patient with hypothyreosis in the course of Hashimoto's disease. Moreover, the coexistence of another autoimmune disease, pernicious anemia was diagnosed. The administration of the methylprednisolone pulse therapy and levothyroxine caused remission of ophthalmic symptoms, and euthyreosis was obtained. Our report presents a rare coexistence of thyroid orbitopathy and Hashimoto's disease.

Stein and Leventhal are regarded to have been the first investigators of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); however, in 1721 Vallisneri, an Italian scientist, described a married, infertile woman with shiny ovaries with a white surface, and the size of pigeon eggs. It was not until the early 1990s at a National Institute of Health (NIH) sponsored conference on PCOS that formal diagnostic criteria were proposed and afterwards largely utilized. Many scientists tried to explain the pathophysiology of PCOS and many studies were made. It is now accepted that it is multifactorial, partly genetic; however, a number of candidate genes have been postulated. Insulin resistance has been noted consistently among many women with PCOS, especially in those with hyperandrogenism, but it is not included in any of the diagnostic criteria. Now there is strong evidence that cardiovascular disease risk factors and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism are all increased in patients with PCOS compared to the healthy population. The criteria established by a group of experts during a conference in Rotterdam held in 2003 are obligatory (The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM - Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group). The subsequent "Rotterdam criteria" incorporated the size and morphology, as determined by an ultrasound, of the ovary into the diagnostic criteria.

Early treatment, within 24 h, of poor-grade aSAH confirmed better clinical outcome compared to later aneurysm securement. There was no significant difference between clipping and endovascular treatment.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a diverse variety of chronic inflammatory intestinal conditions. Sexuality is often disturbed in patients with IBD, more often affecting women than men. Many factors seem to contribute to intimacy concerns. The most popular questionnaires used in empirical research around the world are the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for women and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for men. Sexual satisfaction was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, sexual problems, and illness perceptions. When analysing the problem of IBD, disorders of sexual function should not be ignored. Patients should be screened for psychological diseases and sexual dysfunction, and necessary treatments should be given as soon as possible. By understanding what factors contribute to poor sexual functioning in patients with IBD, we may try to minimise adverse psychosocial events. Screening for sexual disorders should be a part of daily medical practice.