Problem husycki, nie bez pewnej racji, zaliczany jest do najbardziej przeinterpretowanych w polskiej historiografii. Podzielił tym samym los kilku innych, którym często przypisywano znaczenia, jakich nie posiadały. W historiografii polskiej odnajdziemy skrajnie odmienne poglądy na temat oddziaływania ruchu husyckiego na społeczeństwo polskie. Od tych wyra żających przekonanie o szerokim zasięgu społecznym husytyzmu w Polsce i jego doniosłej roli w kształtowaniu polityki i rozwoju świadomości naro dowej , po te, reprezentujące stanowisko, że we wszystkich tych dziedzinach husytyzm zaistniał w Polsce jako cienki i efemeryczny nalot. Linia podziału na płaszczyźnie merytorycznej pokrywa się z dość łatwą do uchwycenia gra nicą chronologiczną. Otóż analiza opinii wydawanych przez historyków na temat wpływów herezji czeskiej w Polsce pokazuje wyraźnie, jak różnie in terpretowano ten problem w literaturze okresu powojennego i tej powstałej w ciągu ostatnich 20 lat. Ukoronowaniem pracy obu pokoleń historyków i jednocześnie najlepszym podsumowaniem każdego ze wspomnianych nur tów są dwie monografie husytyzmu w Polsce, wydane na przestrzeni 40 lat. W 1959 roku Ewa Maleczyńska ogłosiła swoją pracę Ruch husycki w Cze chach i w Polsce, w której koncentruje się na społecznym obliczu husytyzmu i forsuje tezę o silnym oddziaływaniu na Polskę jego nurtu radykalnego 2 .
Mark Mason's book about London documents the author's urban odyssey -his ten London walks undertaken with the aim of finding the capital's soul. The narrative key to Mason's description of London is geographical space. He walked the entire length of the Tube -overground, finding the shortest routes between each station. My paper is a proposition of negotiated reading of this journey. Instead of following the author to the sights along his walking routes, I focus my attention on his chance meetings with the people of London. Mason defines London as "the best human zoo". I explore conceptual similarities between his metaphorical human zoo and real-life 19th and 20th-century ethnic exhibitions.
Abstract. Isaac Archer (1641-1700) was a godly man, an Anglican minister, a good father to his nine children and the son of a possessive father. The order in which his life roles are listed here is not random. For a considerable part of his life he kept a diary in which he recorded the many struggles with his sinful nature and presented himself as a man whose priority was to submit to the will of God. His humbleness was frequently and most painfully tested in the context of his parenthood, but it was the challenges that he faced in the relationship with his own father that seemed to have had the greatest impact on his spiritual as well as daily life. This article is a portrait of this very turbulent relationship between a seventeenth-century adult son and his strong-willed father.Keywords: Isaac Archer, diary, relationship, conflict. Parents and their adult childrenFamily life, both in the present day and in the past, has been governed by certain norms regulating parent/child relationships. Recent studies clearly show that the model of formal, unaffectionate contacts between parents and their offspring in early modern England, described by Lawrence Stone in the 1970s (Stone 1977), cannot be universally applied to all English families, and that there was, in fact, much space in family life for love, affection, care and commitment (Pollock 1983;Ozment 1983;Macfarlane 1987, Houlbrooke 1990Woods 2006;Fletcher 2010). This new interpretation of historical evidence does not, however, invalidate completely the traditional view of early modern parenting. Affectionate and caring or not, parents were seen as agents of God's will, and their roles as nurturers, disciplinarians, providers and educators had a divine mandate. The children, in return, were obliged to honour and obey their parents because obedience to them was obedience to God (O'Day 1994: 46-49). Parents' role was to prepare their children to live in the world, while children's duty was to follow the prescriptions and demands of their parents (Ben-Amos 2000: 292). But how long was this supposed to last? How long were parents obliged to be involved in the lives of their children, and to what extent were adult sons and daughters supposed to meet their parents' expectations? What was the nature of parental/filial love in the period beyond adolescence and early youth? Theoretical traditions such as attachment theory, family solidarity theory, exchange theory, bioevolutionary approaches, social integration theory, and psychoanalytic theory, used in studies on contemporary family life, emphasize the importance of the parent/child relationship over the course of life. Children's financial independence or physical distance are seen as less important than a distinctive history, a set of experiences, carried by family members and connecting them throughout their lives (Umberson 1992: 664-665).
Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie werbalnej manifestacji emocji towarzyszących autorom siedemnastowiecznych egodokumentów w związku z udziałem w zapewnianiu pokarmu swym dzieciom w pierwszych miesiącach życia. Głównym celem jest przedstawienie specyfiki męskiego postrzegania tego aspektu opieki nad dzieckiem oraz wskazanie na religijny charakter opisywanego doświadczenia. Słowa kluczoweojcostwo, siedemnastowieczna Anglia, emocje, karmienie piersią, mamka Prezentowany artykuł podejmuje tematykę karmienia niemowląt we wczesnonowożytnej Anglii, czyli odnosi się do sfery przynależącej tradycyjnie do kobiecego doświadczenia rodzicielstwa. W historiografii brytyjskiej ostatnich dekad właśnie macierzyństwo wydaje się przykuwać uwagę badaczy bardziej niż problematyka ojcostwa, która dopiero niedawno zyskała na popularności jako przedmiot studiów historycznych, literackich czy kulturowych
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