Results of a 13-nation international survey on human values and well-being over the adult life span were reported. Four age groups (under 25, 25-34, 35-49, and over 50 years of age) were compared on four indices: satisfaction with job relations, satisfaction with human relations, satisfaction with material needs, and religiosity. The research involved Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany. Persons over 50 years of age obtained high scores on satisfaction with human relations, satisfaction with material needs, and religiosity, whereas those under 25 scored low on these scales. Thirty-five to 49-year-olds scored highest on satisfaction with job relations. With some exceptions, these trends are relatively consistent across nations. We conclude that the oldest group shows most contentment, satisfaction, and stability in response to the questions.
Strategies for the measurement of dominance were classified as facet vs. trait and factorial vs. rational, yielding the 4 approaches compared in the study: rational facet, factorial facet, rational trait, factorial trait. The approaches were compared at 4 levels of evaluation: test statistics (reliability), test intercorrelations, correlations with presumably related variables, and promise of theoretical contribution. Standard and new tests of dominance and measures of other variables were given to 3 groups of Ss: male undergraduates, female undergraduates, and airmen. The facet strategy was superior to the trait strategy for basic research purposes. The rational facet approach was most promising for theoretical work. The factorial facet approach yielded more relationships with outside variables. Different purposes were seen to require different strategies.
Five subscales were isolated by factor analysis from Gough and Peterson's (1952) socialization scale. Four of these scales showed improved statistical adequacy and increased theoretical yield when compared with several total scale versions. The 4 subscales were: family stability, behavioral control, relaxed security, and self-confidence.
When theoretical and empirical statements about the correlates of dommance are exammed m the literature, a complex and conflictmg picture is revealed. The suggested correlates form a wide array, so disparate that some seem m direct conflict with each other Parallel to this picture is the fact that the contents of different dominance scales have separate if not mcompatible themes one scale developer, for example, may emphasize dommance through leadership while another stresses dommance through aggressionWhen there are several scales purportmg to measure the same variable, the desirable step of companng their patterns of conelations with other vanables is not often taken An opportunity for such comparisons was provided m a study by Butt and Fiske (1968) m which many different dommance scales, representmg several measurement strate^es, were compared for methodological adequacy The present report focuses on the content of these scales for the purpose of more adequately understanding the substantive aspects of dominance METHOD ScalesThe scales used m the present study represent four strategies toward the measurement of dommance by self-report (and mostly by questionnaire) The rational facet approach consists of scales developed to measure specified parts of dommance when items were selected upon
The sexual response is a form of exercise which has strong biological and evolutionary components. Few studies have focused upon sexual behaviour as exercise and the reasons for this are considered. Current information and leads for future study come from animal research. Some historical precursors to modern sex researchers did more to mislead than to advance knowledge but Kinsey and Masters & Johnson set the stage for modern knowledge and applications. There are parallels between the orgasmic response and exercise. Physiological bases of the sexual response help to explain individual differences in sexual behaviour and the well-being that often accompanies states of passionate love, addiction and exercise. Studies suggest that sexual activity is associated with well-being and longevity, yet many health and exercise professionals fail to take account of sexual activity in advancing exercise programmes and executing studies; that is, the so-called Ostrich Effect persists. Investigators need to separate the passionate love stage of relationships which are biologically based and last 3 to 4 years from the later stages of long term committed partnerships in which sexual activity continues as a form of exercise, competence expression and fun.
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