Lycium species (goji), belonging to Solanaceae, are widely spread in the arid to semiarid environments of Eurasia, Africa, North and South America, among which most species have affinal drug and diet functions, resulting in their potential to be a superior healthy food. However, compared with other crop species, scientific research on breeding Lycium species lags behind. This review systematically introduces the present germplasm resources, cytological examination and molecular-assisted breeding progress in Lycium species. Introduction of the distribution of Lycium species around the world could facilitate germplasm collection for breeding. Karyotypes of different species could provide a feasibility analysis of fertility between species. The introduction of mapping technology has discussed strategies for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in Lycium species according to different kinds of traits. Moreover, to extend the number of traits and standardize the protocols of trait detection, we also provide 1,145 potential traits (275 agronomic and 870 metabolic) in different organs based on different reference studies on Lycium, tomato and other Solanaceae species. Finally, perspectives on goji breeding research are discussed and concluded. This review will provide breeders with new insights into breeding Lycium species.
We proposed a Delta-Sigma type strain sensor using an RTD oscillator. To realize this, micromachined cantilevers loaded with RTDs and oscillators based on them were fabricated and characterized. It was demonstrated that the oscillation frequency can be controlled by the strain, which is a basis for our proposal.
In a linear divertor plasma simulator NAGDIS-I1 the ICRF slow wave heating is employed to heat both the ion and electron. The rf power source used here is a Static Induction Transistor(S1T) inverter [l], which can generate about 15 kW in CW mode at a gate driving frequency range of 0. 25-1.7 MHz. An output current at the fundamental frequency is usually used for induction heating in the rf inverter power supply. In the present experiment the 3rd harmonic current is used for plasma heating in order to extend the operational frequency range of the rf inverter. In the present experiment characteristic performance of the SIT inverter is investigated in the cases of fundamental and 3rd harmonic operations.Figure1 shows the frequency dependance of the DC to RF conversion efficiency of the SIT inverter. The conversion efficiency is about 95% when the resonance frequency is tuned at the fundamental wave. When that frequency is tuned at 3rd harmonic wave, the conversion efficiency decreases linearly with increasing the frequency. At the frequency below 3MHz, the conversion efficiency is more than 50%, which is equivalent or a little higher than that of conventional linear amplifiers. The maximum output power is about 5 kW at 3MHz. The use of the 3rd harmonic wave beyond the upper frequency limit of the SIT gate driving frequency can extend the operational frequency range of SIT rf inverter in the practical rf power level of several kW without any improvement of the gate driver circuit.We have a plan to use four SIT inverter power supplies to heat hydrogen plasmas in NAGDIS-II. The total power is expected to be about 20kW at a frequency below 3MHz. Initial experimental results of the hydrogen plasma heating will be shown.A new triplet gyrotron amplifier, which we call Gyrotriotron, has recently been developed. The device utilizes a 1-2-2 harmonicmultiplying scheme and operates with a short Ku-band gyro-TWT as input stage, a longer Ka-band gyro-TWT as output stage and a multiunit stagger-tuned cluster-cavity as intermediate stage.Electronic coupling of adjacent stages is realized through beam ballistic bunching in the radiation-free drift spaces between the stages. A mode converter/filter type of interaction circuit is employed for each stage to minimize spurious mode competitions. Theoretical studies show that in addition to the features of lower magnetic field requirement and lower input frequency, high gain, high efficiency and wide bandwidth are expected for this three stage harmonic multiplying gyro-amplifier. A proof-of-principle Gyrotriotron tube with TE04 mode output was designed, fabricated and tested. This presentation provides the device development and an overview of some gyrotriotron-related special techniques that are detailed in the other two poster papers.[l], [2] References: * This WO& is suppoRed by the DoD MURl for innovative vacuum electronics under the grant AFOSR-F49620-9%1-0297.
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