Background and AimsUnderstanding the genetic basis underlying domestication-related traits (DRTs) is important in order to use wild germplasm efficiently for improving yield, stress tolerance and quality of crops. This study was conducted to characterize the genetic basis of DRTs in soybean (Glycine max) using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping.MethodsA population of 96 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cultivated (ssp. max) × wild (ssp. soja) cross was used for mapping and QTL analysis. Nine DRTs were examined in 2004 and 2005. A linkage map was constructed with 282 markers by the Kosambi function, and the QTL was detected by composite interval mapping.Key ResultsThe early flowering and determinate habit derived from the max parent were each controlled by one major QTL, corresponding to the major genes for maturity (e1) and determinate habit (dt1), respectively. There were only one or two significant QTLs for twinning habit, pod dehiscence, seed weight and hard seededness, which each accounted for approx. 20–50 % of the total variance. A comparison with the QTLs detected previously indicated that in pod dehiscence and hard seededness, at least one major QTL was common across different crosses, whereas no such consistent QTL existed for seed weight.ConclusionsMost of the DRTs in soybeans were conditioned by one or two major QTLs and a number of genotype-dependent minor QTLs. The common major QTLs identified in pod dehiscence and hard seededness may have been key loci in the domestication of soybean. The evolutionary changes toward larger seed may have occurred through the accumulation of minor changes at many QTLs. Since the major QTLs for DRTs were scattered across only six of the 20 linkage groups, and since the QTLs were not clustered, introgression of useful genes from wild to cultivated soybeans can be carried out without large obstacles.
Salt stress inhibits soybean growth and reduces gain yield. Genetic improvement of salt tolerance is essential for sustainable soybean production in saline areas. In this study, we isolated a gene (Ncl) that could synchronously regulate the transport and accumulation of Na+, K+, and Cl− from a Brazilian soybean cultivar FT-Abyara using map-based cloning strategy. Higher expression of the salt tolerance gene Ncl in the root resulted in lower accumulations of Na+, K+, and Cl− in the shoot under salt stress. Transfer of Ncl with the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method into a soybean cultivar Kariyutaka significantly enhanced its salt tolerance. Introgression of the tolerance allele into soybean cultivar Jackson, using DNA marker-assisted selection (MAS), produced an improved salt tolerance line. Ncl could increase soybean grain yield by 3.6–5.5 times in saline field conditions. Using Ncl in soybean breeding through gene transfer or MAS would contribute to sustainable soybean production in saline-prone areas.
In the present study, we investigated salt tolerance heredity in wild soybean, Glycine soja Sieb & Zucc., and compared the salt tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) of G. soja with that of Glycine max (L.) Merr. An F 2 population (n = 225) derived from a cross between the salt sensitive soybean cultivar Jackson (PI548657) and a salt-tolerant wild soybean accession (JWS156-1) was used. Evaluation of salt tolerance in the seedling stage was carried out in hydroponic culture with half-strength Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution containing 120 mM NaCl. Visual ratings of symptoms based on leaf scorching and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) were taken for each plant 20 days after salt treatment. Both traits showed continuous distribution; however, salt-tolerant plants (i.e. plants with a high salt tolerance rating (STR) and SPAD value) were predominant. QTL analysis revealed a major salt-tolerant QTL with a large dominant effect, which accounted for 68.7% of the total variance of the STR scale, on the soybean linkage group N. Our results indicated that the salt tolerance QTL confers a large dominant effect over salt sensitivity and that the salt tolerance QTL is conserved in both wild and cultivated soybeans.
E3, and E4 differ in their responses to different light qualities (Cober et al., 1996b). The E1 locus was most Insensitivity of flowering to long daylengths is an important characsensitive to light quality, and the E1 allele delayed flowter in the adaptation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] to higher latitudinal environments. The objective of this study was to identify ering of plants homozygous for the e3 and e4 alleles, and map the maturity genes for incandescent long daylength (ILD) particularly under ILD of low R:FR ratio. The E3 locus insensitivity for two landraces, 'Miharudaizu' and 'Sakamotowase', was the least sensitive, and the E4 locus showed intermewhich belong to different cultivar groups. Two F 9 recombinant inbred diate sensitivity to light quality (Cober et al., 1996b). line (RIL) families were developed by means of a repetitive heterozy-Response to ILD is also influenced by the genotypes gote selection method from the F 2 population of the cross between at the E7 locus, which is linked to the E1 locus at a the two landraces. Linkage analyses with isozyme and simple sequence distance of 6.2 cM (Cober and Voldeng, 2001a). The repeat (SSR) markers revealed that the maturity gene for ILD insensiaction of the e7 allele is hypostatic under the E1 allele tivity from Miharudaizu was a recessive allele at the E4 locus on and weakens the sensitivity of soybean with the geno-Molecular linkage group (MLG) I. The MLG I order of the E4 locus type of e1e1e3e3e4e4 to ILD (Cober and Voldeng, and four markers was determined as Satt239-Satt496-E4-Enp-Satt354. The maturity gene for ILD insensitivity from Sakamotowase 2001b). was found to cosegregate with four tightly linked SSRs on MLG C2, ILD-insensitive soybean landraces established inand was determined as a recessive allele at the E1 locus. The genotypes
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