We present a new technique to measure the complex surface impedance of the mixed state of superconducting thin films over the broad frequency range 45 MHz-20 GHz. The surface impedance is extracted from measurements of the complex reflection coefficient made on the film using a vector network analyzer. The technique takes advantage of a special geometry in which the self-fields from currents flowing in the film are everywhere parallel to the film surface, making it an ideal configuration in which to study vortex dynamics in superconductors. The broadband nature of the measurement system allows us to explore a region of magnetic field-temperature-frequency parameter space of superconductors previously inaccessible with other measurement techniques. The power of the technique is illustrated by measurements on thin films of the high temperature superconductor YBa,Cu,07 _ 8
Measurements of the field-dependent radio-frequency penetration depth \(H,T) are used to delineate the lower-critical-field H c \-T phase boundary, and to study flux dynamics, in YBa2Cu30 v crystals. For both H lie and HJLC, H C \ obeys a BCS temperature dependence, with a temperature-independent anisotropy of 3.4 ±0.3. In the mixed state, the data obey X 2 {H)=[<(>dpQa(T)]B{H), and yield both the functional dependence B(H) and the pinning force constant a(T). The latter is anisotropic, obeys an approximately (1 -t 2 ) 2 temperature dependence, and vanishes slightly below the bulk transition temperature.
We report a systematic investigation of dynamical fluctuation effects in the frequency-dependent microwave conductivity (45 MHz-45 GHz) of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 72d thin films for T * T c . Our measurements directly yield a dynamical critical exponent z in the range 2.3 -3.0, and the fluctuation lifetime t fl , which diverges more quickly than Gaussian theory predicts as the temperature approaches T c from above, independent of sample quality. In addition, both the temperature and the frequency dependence of the fluctuation conductivity s fl exhibit scaling behavior for temperatures 1 -2 K above T c , and can be collapsed onto the same universal curve. [S0031-9007(96)01664-X] PACS numbers: 74.25.Nf, 74.40.tk Dynamic fluctuation effects have become an intriguing subject of research in statistical and condensed matter physics, as they depend on the equations of motion of the system, and are not simply determined by the equilibrium distribution of particles at a given instant of time. Over the years, there have been both theoretical and experimental investigations of the static and dynamic fluctuations of many different types of systems. In the high T c superconductors (HTSC), measurements of fluctuation effects reveal unusual behavior, such as 3D XY critical behavior observed in the microwave penetration depth l͑T ͒ over a range of temperature 5-10 K wide below T c [1]. Heat capacity measurements are also consistent with 3D XY critical fluctuations for T T c 6 10 K [2]. In contrast to these results, temperature-dependent dc conductivity measurements have been interpreted in terms of simple 2D or 3D Gaussian fluctuation theory for T . T c [3,4]; also, low frequency penetration depth measurements have been interpreted as consistent with Gaussian fluctuations [5]. Furthermore, analysis of the nonlinear currentvoltage characteristics near T c in the HTSC yield a wide range of values for the relevant critical exponents [6,7].In this Letter we report a systematic experimental study of the microwave fluctuation conductivity s fl obtained from thin films and a single crystal of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 72d (YBCO). The study provides direct information about the fluctuation lifetime t fl , which is one of the important parameters for the identification of the universality class of the phase transition, and which describes the relevant dynamics of the fluctuations in the HTSC. We employ a swept-frequency technique (45 MHz -45 GHz) to measure both the frequency and temperature dependence of the conductivity of YBCO thin films in the vicinity of T c with nominally zero external magnetic field. The extra experimental degree of freedom afforded by access to the measured conductivity over three decades in frequency provides essential additional information about the dynamics of the system not available to temperature dependent measurements alone. Previous experiments have exploited frequency dependent techniques to verify the Gaussian dynamics of fluctuations in thin films of conventional superconductors [8,9]. More recently, frequencydependent co...
We have measured the probability density jc͑r͒j 2 in the semiclassical limit of a classically chaotic square well potential with and without time reversal symmetry, and compared our findings with theoretical predictions. We find that wave functions with time-reversal symmetry have larger fluctuations than those without time-reversal symmetry. To quantify the degree of these fluctuations, eigenmodes both with and without time-reversal symmetry are statistically analyzed and the two-point spatial correlation function and the probability density distribution function of the eigenmodes are found to agree with theoretical predictions. [S0031-9007(98)07259-7] PACS numbers: 05.45. + b, 03.65.Ge, 85.70.Ge The quantum mechanical behavior of nonintegrable systems has been a very intriguing subject for many decades and is still one of active research [1]. This is not only because of the interesting fundamental physics of "quantum chaos" but also because of the strong analogy between the quantum mechanical behavior of mesoscopic systems and the wave chaotic behavior of nonintegrable systems [2]. Hence the subject can pave the way to understanding the statistical properties of electronic eigenstates and eigenfunctions of mesoscopic systems, such as quantum dots and quantum wires, which will be increasingly important for future technological applications.Theories and numerical simulations suggest that for integrable (nonchaotic) systems a large degree of degeneracy is allowed in the eigenvalues of the system; therefore the spacing between neighboring eigenvalues obeys Poisson statistics. For nonintegrable systems the existence of classical chaos breaks the degeneracies, and therefore the eigenvalue spacing statistics are clearly no longer Poisson. Theories propose that the statistics of the eigenvalue spacing are governed not only by the integrability but also by the time-reversal symmetry of the system. One expects the spectral properties of a chaotic system with time-reversal symmetry to follow the statistics of a Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of random matrices, while a chaotic system with broken time-reversal symmetry is expected to follow the statistics of a Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) of random matrices. In recent years several experiments similar to those described here have demonstrated that these theoretical predictions are indeed correct [3][4][5].An even more intriguing subject is the investigation of the eigenfunctions of wave chaotic systems. Although some of the interesting behavior of eigenfunctions in systems with GOE symmetry has been explored by several groups [6][7][8], there has been no experimental examination of the time-reversal symmetry dependence of the eigenfunction behavior [9]. Investigating the detailed behavior of both time-reversal symmetric (TRS) and time-reversal symmetry broken (TRSB) wave functions is also imperative as it will give insights into the behavior of electronic wave functions of nanoscale structures that have these symmetries.In this paper we report our experimental re...
The anisotropic surface resistance R, ,b and R, , as well as the penetration depth ),b and k, of YBa2Cu307 s single crystals have been measured at 9.6 6Hz. X,(T) and X,b(T) are linear in temperature at low temperatures with much different slopes, consistent with the existence of line nodes on a cylindrical Fermi surface. A collapse of the c-axis scattering rate below T, is also observed, and the temperature dependence of the ab plane scattering rate is consistent with quasiparticle-quasiparticle scattering. The behavior of X,(T) is not consistent with proximity-effect models, or with cubic d, 2+y2 -2 pairing symmetry, but is consistent with a cubic dx2 y2 pairing state.The symmetry of the ground-state wave function is one of the most important problems in the study of cuprate superconductors today. Some models postulate that the pairing mechanism involves the exchange of antiferromagnetic spin fiuctuations. Monte Carlo calculations based on the Hubbard model suggest that pairing occurs in the d 2 y2 channel. The gap function for this state has the form A(k)=Ao[cos(k a)cos(kYb)], and exhibits line nodes parallel to the c direction on a cylindrical Fermi surface. The result, in the absence of impurity broadening, is a density of states that increases as E-EF with respect to the Fermi energy at low energy. This linear energy dependence implies that all components of the magnetic penetration depth k(T) should exhibit a linear temperature dependence at low temperatures. Recently, a number of experimental results and theoretical interpretation of the results suggest two-dimensional (2D) d-wave superconductivity in the ab plane of hole-doped cuprate superconductors such as YBazCu307 s (YBCO). However, other theoretical models have been proposed to explain the linear temperature dependence of X,b(T). Klemm explained the k, b(T) data of Hardy et al. in YBCO quantitatively, based upon proximity coupling between one s wave superconducting and one normal layer per unit cell. ' He also suggested measurements of )t,(T) as a way to conclusively distinguish the pairing state symmetry. Another theory proposed by Chakravarty et al. ' features low T, pairing in each copper oxide layer enhanced by Josephson pair tunneling between layers. There is an experiment suggesting that the electrodynamic properties in the superconducting state along the c axis of La2 Sr Cu04 can be explained by a similar Josephson-coupled layer model, although no conclusion was made about the pairing state symmetry. In principle, one should be able to use c-axis surface irnpedance measurements to measure the anisotropy of the gap and put further constraints on the pairing state symmetry. ' The properties of the superconducting state in the c direction of YBCO, such as the penetration depth, surface resistance R, , and conductivity o. , are still not clear. In this paper we measure k, (T), R. .. and o. , of YBCO single crystals to shed further light on the pairing state symmetry of the cupr ates.YBCO single crystals are grown in zirconia crucibles by the stand...
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