Two-thirds of ASD cases in the overall sample were in the mainstream school population, undiagnosed and untreated. These findings suggest that rigorous screening and comprehensive population coverage are necessary to produce more accurate ASD prevalence estimates and underscore the need for better detection, assessment, and services.

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to define and empirically develop measures to evaluate the extent of integration of seaport container terminals in supply chains. Design/methodology/approach -A literature review identified four key variables hypothesized to be part of the higher-order construct of "terminal supply chain integration (TESCI)". The hypotheses were theoretically justified a priori and data for operationalizing the conceptualized variables obtained via a large-scale survey of container terminal operators. A model was developed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings -The validated variables of the higher-order construct of TESCI included "information and communication systems", "value-added services", "multimodal systems and operations" and "supply chain integration practices".Research limitations/implications -The study develops measures from the standpoint of the container terminal (the centric supply chain actor). Supply chains involve a network of companies and it would be useful to obtain data as to integration from other supply chain participants. The usual caveats of cross-sectional research apply and longitudinal case studies may provide supplementary information. Practical implications -There are valuable practical implications for container terminals that seek to measure the extent of integration into supply chains and for port users that place value on container TESCI in their choice and evaluation criteria. Originality/value -The study is the first of its nature that attempts to provide a valid theoretical construct and empirical measures of seaport container TESCI. The study shifts container TESCI from an abstract concept to a theoretical construct with validated measures.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate abnormal findings of social brain network in Korean children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing children (TDC).MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed to examine brain activations during the processing of emotional faces (happy, fearful, and neutral) in 17 children with ASD, 24 TDC.ResultsWhen emotional face stimuli were given to children with ASD, various areas of the social brain relevant to social cognition showed reduced activation. Specifically, ASD children exhibited less activation in the right amygdala (AMY), right superior temporal sulcus (STS) and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) than TDC group when fearful faces were shown. Activation of left insular cortex and right IFG in response to happy faces was less in the ASD group. Similar findings were also found in left superior insular gyrus and right insula in case of neutral stimulation.ConclusionThese findings suggest that children with ASD have different processing of social and emotional experience at the neural level. In other words, the deficit of social cognition in ASD could be explained by the deterioration of the capacity for visual analysis of emotional faces, the subsequent inner imitation through mirror neuron system (MNS), and the ability to transmit it to the limbic system and to process the transmitted emotion.