Cyber physical security research for smart grid is currently one of the nation's top R&D priorities. The existing vulnerabilities in the legacy grid infrastructure make it particularly susceptible to countless cyberattacks. There is a growing emphasis towards building interconnected, sophisticated federated testbeds to perform realistic experiments by allowing the integration of geographically-dispersed resources in the dynamic cyber-physical environment. In this paper, we present a cyber (network) based federation testbed to validate the performance of an anomaly detector in context of a Wide Area Protection (WAP) security. Specifically, we have utilized the resources available at the Iowa State University Power Cyber (ISU PCL) Laboratory to emulate the substation and local center networks; and the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL); to emulate the regional control center network. Initially, we describe a hardware-in-the loop based experimental setup for implementing data integrity attacks on an IEEE 39 bus system. We then perform network packet analysis focusing on latency and bandwidth as well as evaluate the performance of a decision tree based anomaly detector in measuring its ability to identify different attacks. Our experimental results reveal the computed wide area network latency; bandwidth requirement for minimum packet loss; and successful performance of the anomaly detector. Our studies also highlight the conceptual architecture necessary for developing the federated testbed, inspired by the NASPI network.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) February 20092. REPORT TYPE ARL-TR-4731 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTWe evaluated Saft Ultra High Power (UHP) cells (Saft designation VL5U) to determine their rate capability, low temperature performance, storage, and cycle life. The energy and power density at 5 A (1C) were 45 Wh/kg and 55 W/kg, respectively; at 1000 A (200C) were 25 Wh/kg and 10 kW/kg, respectively; and at a 500 A rate, the energy densities were 35, 29, and 29 Wh/kg at 20, -20, and -40 °C, respectively, and the power densities were 4.3, 3.9, and 3.6 kW/kg, respectively. The VL5U showed a high rate of self-discharge (tested at 70 °C). Our cycling testing showed that high rate cycling degrades the cell faster than high temperature cycling, revealing significant self-heating at high rates of discharge. These results indicate the cell design is immature; further development will remediate the high self-discharge rates and the self-heating during high rate discharge. Pulse discharge testing using a capacitive load showed that, at an output voltage of 2 V, a pulsed current of 8750 A may be achieved. The minimum cell resistance from the pulse testing was measured to be about 0.23 mΩ. SUBJECT TERMS
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