In the December 2001 issue (Vol. 10, No. 2), "The Human Auditory Brain-stem Response to High Click Rates: Aging Effects" by Robert F. Burkard and Donald Sims was incorrectly classified as a viewpoint. It should have been classified as an article. In addition, the table of contents indicated an incorrect page number for "Neurophysiologic Basis for Cochlear and Auditory Brainstem Implants" by Aage R. Miller. The correct page number is 68. We regret these errors.
In 1999 J. Walton, M. Orlando, & R. Burkard (Hearing Research, 127, 86-94) investigated aging effects on auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave V latency using a tone-on-toneburst forward-masking paradigm. They found that at short forward-masking intervals, wave V latency shift was greater in normal-hearing older adults than in normal-hearing young adults for moderate level, high-frequency toneburst maskers and probes. It was not possible to evaluate wave I latency because stimulation and recording procedures did not produce a consistently observable wave I. In order to optimize the recording of wave I, the present study used a high-level (115 dB pSPL) click stimulus, combined with a tympanic membrane inverting electrode, and investigated the latencies and amplitudes of waves I and V across click rate. Young adults had hearing thresholds within normal limits, whereas older adults had normal hearing or mild threshold elevation. All data were collected and analyzed with a Nicolet Bravo. Using conventional recording procedures, ABRs were obtained at click rates of 11, 25, 50, and 75 Hz. Using maximum length sequences (MLSs), ABRs were obtained at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Hz. Results across age groups were very similar. With increasing click rate, peak latencies increased, the I-V interval increased and peak amplitudes decreased. The most notable difference between age groups was that wave I amplitude was substantially smaller in the older subjects. It appears that changes in the ABR with increasing rate are remarkably similar in young and older adults when audiometric thresholds are normal or near-normal in both age groups.
We examined the effects of ipsilateral-direct, continuous, broadband noise on auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I and V latencies and amplitudes in young adult versus older adult humans. It was hypothesized that age might influence the effects of masking noise on ABR peak latencies and/or amplitudes, given the frequent complaint of older persons' ability to process speech in background noise. Young adults had hearing thresholds of 20 dB HL or better for the octave frequencies from 250 to 8,000 Hz. A subset of older study participants had thresholds of 20 dB HL or better across frequency, but others had thresholds up to 45 dB HL. All data were collected and analyzed with a Nicolet Bravo. An electrode was placed on the tympanic membrane (as well as on high forehead and contralateral mastoid), and a click level of 115 dB pSPL was used to maximize wave I amplitude. Masker conditions included a no-noise control and noise levels ranging from 20 to 70 dB effective masking, in 10 dB steps. With increasing noise level, both age groups showed minimal changes in wave I latency, but substantial increases in wave V latency and I-V interval. Peak amplitudes decreased with increasing noise level. Mean amplitudes were smaller for the older group, most notably for wave I. Mean peak latencies were greater in the older group, but the I-V interval was similar across age groups, as was the change in peak latencies and I-V interval across noise level. ABR parameters for the older adults with hearing meeting the 20-dB HL criterion at all frequencies (older-better) were compared to those who didn't meet this criterion (older-worse). Mean wave I latency was greater and wave V latency and I-V interval were smaller for the older-worse group at all noise levels. Mean wave I and V amplitudes were similar for the older-better and older-worse groups. In participants with normal or near-normal hearing, ABR changes with increasing age included small latency increases and a substantial reduction in wave I amplitude. The effects of ipsilateral-direct masking noise on the click-evoked ABR are similar for young and older adults.
The purpose of this study was to replicate van Uden’s (1983) finding that watching oneself speak improves lipreading of visually confusable nonsense words. Specifically, this replication focused on an older group of subjects whose educational experience varied widely in the emphasis given to spoken communication. Four groups of 12 young-adult subjects who are deaf participated in evaluating two aspects of training: (a) source of video feedback (self or trainer), and (b) timing of feedback (during speech production or after speech production). Mean posttest results indicated significantly increased accuracy in identifying items that had been trained. The group that viewed self-speech after speech-production practice also demonstrated generalization to test items that were not trained. On the combined list of both trained and untrained items, both groups that viewed their own speech achieved significant gains compared to pretest scores, but those that viewed the trainer’s speech did not. Response time (RT) during pre- and posttesting was measured using a computer-generated waveform display to calculate the interval between stimulus offset and response onset. Results are reported for 13 subjects with ≥ 50% speech intelligibility for words in sentences. Although there were no differences attributable to training conditions, there was an overall increase in the regularity of the identification responses after training (measured by the standard deviation of RTs) and a generalization of the improvement to the untrained items. The results of this study substantiate the beneficial effects of multisensory feedback by practicing lipreading of one’s own speech production. This finding appears to apply even to young-adult subjects who are deaf and whose habituated speech patterns may be quite distinct from those of talkers with normal hearing.
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