This paper explores the schooling effects of discontinuities in the rules of interaction the child experiences in family and classroom. Two fundamental forms of rules are identified: exchange rules of interaction (which define allowed and expected behavior based on relative position, age, sex and/or status differences), and communal rules of interaction (which define desired and appropriate behavior based on interpersonal affinities and attitudes). Data gathered on 196 children in eight elementary school classrooms in suburban New Zealand suggest that families tend to cluster into three general types, similar to those identified by earlier researchers: Cohesive (strong in both types of rules). Coercive (strong in exchange but relatively weak in communal rules), and Laissezfaire (relatively weak in both). When classrooms are similarly classified, analyses of variance yield significant interactive effects between family and classroom interaction rules on children's academic grades. These findings suggest (a) that the greater the discontinuity in interaction rules between home and school, the more the child's academic grades decline, and (b) that children from any type of home can be relatively advantaged in some classrooms and relatively disadvantaged in others. Implications for further research and theory development are discussed.
Noise levels of 155 tractors on 36 farms were studied. The range of noise levels at the driver's ear level with radios off and windows closed (if so equipped) was from 78 to 103 dB. Seventy-five percent of tractors without cabs had noise levels in excess of 90 dB, compared to only 18% of tractors with cabs. The use of a radio adds an average of 3.1 dB of noise. When some cab windows are open and the radio is on, an average of 4.2 dB is added to the cab noise. From the results of this study, the authors recommend hearing protection when time on a tractor with a cab approaches 3 to 4 hours and when time on a tractor without a cab approaches 1.5 to 2 hours. Limited use of the radio is also recommended.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. This content downloaded from 192.122.237.41 on Wed, 12 Aug 2015 01:08:13 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions five new ones. They label and briefly discuss them as follows: exchange theory (they are unsure of what to call it), general systems theory, conflict theory, social individualism, and transactional analysis. (For one account of recent developments in family theory and conceptual frameworks which differs in important ways, see Holman and Burr, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1980.) Such assessments of trends are liable to evoke interesting controversies, but my concern here lies elsewhere. Four of the five percolating frameworks which the editors introduce (sans exchange theory, for which Nye himself has been a major proselytizer) have been thoughtfully examined, they tell us, in unpublished papers (Cornille and Harrington, Cotton and Oransky, Farrington and Foss, Richards). Furthermore, three of these were prepared by graduate students at Florida State University, where the original book took shape. In my judgment, it would have been valuable to include these four papers and one on exchange theory as new chapters in the book, with revisions to make them conform to the format of the other chapters and with the outside editorial consultation used as before. As it is, we are only tantalized with a few assumptions or propositions from these other works. I do appreciate, however, why the editors may have elected not to follow this daring course. It would have made more obvious the obsolescence of the untouched original chapters.In sum, my advice is that if you are one of the fortunate ones to have a copy of the original book, don't bother to buy this one. The rest of us will find the reissue valuable like an heirloom, a statement of where family theory was in the middle of the 1960s. The book remains very useful for graduate training, but, more than ever before, it needs to be supplemented with accessible materials written more recently.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.