Tested theory that adherence to the traditional male gender role and help-seeking attitudes and behaviors are related. Ss were 401 undergraduate men who completed measures of help-seeking attitudes and behaviors, attitudes toward the stereotypic male role, and gender role conflict factors (i.e., success/power/competition, restrictive emotionality, and restrictive affectionate behavior between men). Canonical analysis and regression indicated that traditional attitudes about the male role, concern about expressing emotions, and concern about expressing affection toward other men were each significantly related to negative attitudes toward seeking professional psychological assistance. Restrictive emotionality also significantly predicted decreased past helpseeking behavior and decreased likelihood of future help seeking. The implications of these results for theory, research, and counseling practice are discussed.An earlier draft of this article was presented at the 1988 annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta.We express our appreciation to Megan L. Hedberg for her assistance with data compilation. We also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Nancy E. Betz and W. Bruce Walsh for their assistance with research design and thank Michael J. Patton and two anonymous reviewers for their editorial comments on a draft of this article.

Conceptualizing counseling as an instance of social influence has led several authors to suggest that factors such as credibility and interpersonal attraction, extensively researched by social psychologists, may be of importance in understanding counseling and other therapeutic relationships. These suggestions, and especially the article by Strong, have stimulated a great deal of research. That research and relevant, related research is reviewed with the intent of offering suggestions for future study and for considering the following questions: (a) Do counselors influence clients? (b) What cues do clients use to infer expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness in their counselors? (c) Is it useful to consider counseling as a social influence process?

This study was based on a doctoral dissertation submitted by the first author (Ellis, 1984(Ellis, /1985 under the supervision of the second author.We wish to thank Thomas Nygren and Richard Russell, who served as members of the dissertation committee. We are grateful to Myrna Friedlander, Robert Dolliver, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.

No abstract

Gave a 30-min individual interview to 48 college males, all of whom described themselves as "procrastinators." The interview explored current and historical difficulties stemming from Ss' procrastination, and ended with an interviewer attempt to influence Ss to take some specific action on the procrastination issue of greatest current concern. 8 experimental conditions were defined by (a) the 2 interviews, (b) "expert" or "referent" roles, and (c) delivery of influence attempt in a manner congruent with the "expert" or "referent" power base. Results show that (a) Ss perceived interviewers as intended, (b) Ss were induced to perform important behaviors outside the interview situation, (c) the expert and referent power bases were not differentially effective in inducing S compliance, and (d) the frequency of differential conformity in the power-congruent vs power-incongruent conditions approached statistical significance. (21 ref)