This article critically examines the pervasive assumption found in psychotherapy literature that disconfirmation of client role expectations has been demonstrated to be a negative influence in psychotherapy. When the empirical literature is examined, this hypothesis does not appear to be as conclusive as has been suggested. In fact, the empirical studies are evenly divided in supporting this hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.
This paper is a general introduction to the lens model, written primarily for individuals in a variety of applied areas (Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Administration, Clinical Pharmacology, and Education). First the background issues of Social Judgment Theory, bivariate and multivariate regression are discussed; then the actual experimental procedures and analyses are demonstrated. Finally there is a brief discussion of the application of the model to the study of conflict resolution and interpersonal learning.
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