River bank (RB) erosion is a global issue affecting livelihoods and properties of millions of people. However, it has not received enough attention in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), i.e., the world’s third largest delta, compared to salinity intrusion and flooding. There have been several studies examining RB and coastal erosion in the VMD using remotely sensed satellite data, but the applied methodology was not adequately validated. Therefore, we developed a novel SRBED (Spectral RB Erosion Detection) method, in which the M-AMERL (Modified Automated Method for Extracting Rivers and Lakes) is proposed, and a new RB change detection algorithm using Landsat data. The results show that NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index) using the M-AMERL algorithm (i.e., NDWIM-AMERL, MNDWIM-AMERL) perform better than other indices. Furthermore, the NDWIM-AMERL; SMA (i.e., NDWIM-AMERL using the SMA (Spectral Mixture Analysis) algorithm) is the best RB extraction method in the VMD. The NDWIM-AMERL; SMA performs better than the MNDWI, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and WNDWI (Weighted Normalized Difference Water Index) indices by 35–41%, 70% and 30%, respectively. Moreover, the NDVI index is not recommended for assessing RB changes in the delta. Applying the developed SRBED method and RB change detection algorithm, we estimated a net erosion area of the RB of –1.5 km2 from 2008 to 2014 in the Tien River from Tan Chau to My Thuan, with a mean erosion width of –2.64 m and maximum erosion widths exceeding 60 m in places. Our advanced method can be applied in other river deltas having similar characteristics, and the results from our study are helpful in future studies in the VMD.
Observation of the Hau River distributary of the Mekong River delta in Vietnam, conducted in dry and flood season (2009, 2014, and 2015), is utilized to investigate the mechanism of formation, distribution of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM), and links with sediment transport in the system. Additionally, 3D (three-dimensional) numerical models are applied to simulate the seasonal tidal variation (flood and dry seasons) of the water and suspended sediment transport processes of the Mekong River Delta. The 3D model, with a combination of hydrodynamic-wave and suspended sediment transport, was set up and validated with measured data in the study area. The mechanism that measures ETM is the process of suspended sediment from the river when it interacts with seawater and speeds up the flocculation, combined with the asymmetry of the tidal current, which will create the region with ETM by moving in/out with the tidal current’s ups and downs. As there is surface flow velocity towards the sea, the bottom baroclinic flow has a decisive role in deposition and erosion, and it causes the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to be maximized. During the flood season, the salt wedge near the river’s mouth, at the peak of the tide, pushes towards the sea’s direction when there are ebbing tides, with a scope of about 20 km. In the dry season, there is estuary disturbance as well; the salt wedge forms, but is relatively weak or does not exist, depending on the time of the tide. The maximum turbidity zone in the flood season moves the subaqueous delta with a scope of about 20 km and SSC of about 0.1 to 0.6 g L−1, whereas in the dry season, the seawater has high salinity, and seaward SSC penetrates the estuaries to cause a disturbance and flocculation. The penetration scope is up to 50 km and creates a water mass that has high SSC, from 0.2 to 0.7 g L−1, to run in/off by the tidal current’s ups and downs for several kilometers in the tidal phase.
Based on the processing of VNRedsat-1 and QuickBird images in the area of Truong Sa archipelago, the research results showed the efficiency of assessing marine environmental characteristics in surroundings of these islands. In this paper, we presented the research results on Nam Yet island and adjacent area. The marine parameters in this research include sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface layer as well as in the deep layers of 20m and 40m, the distributions of the ground objects such as coral shelf, sand accumulation, coral reef combined with seagrass and seaweed. The accuracy of assessment of supervised and unsupervised classified results is approximate of 87.8%. The research results allowed assessing the environmental characteristics, warning of the risk of erosion and coastal line change in the study area.
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