Состояние окружающей среды в Российской Федерации и в степных регионах, в частности, характеризуется высоким уровнем антропогенной нагрузки. В результате хозяйственной деятельности человека природные экосистемы степей России долгое время подвержены антропогенному воздействию. В статье предложена методика оценки уровня антропогенной нагрузки на основе сопряжённого анализа показателей и индексов шести групп факторов (блоков) антропогенной нагрузки по 17 степным регионам России. По каждому из блоков рассчитаны многомерные средние индексы, сумма которых представляет собой интегральный индекс, отражающий уровень антропогенной нагрузки в субъектах исследуемой территории. Построена картосхема, отображающая пространственное распределение групп факторов и интенсивность антропогенного прессинга на природную среду. В результате выявлено, что на исследуемой территории значение интегрального индекса растёт в юго-восточном направлении и наибольшая антропогенная нагрузка отмечается в Краснодарском крае -4.6 и Белгородской области -4.2. Отмечена высокая сила связи между показателями валового регионального продукта и общими уровнями антропогенной нагрузки степных регионов России, которая характеризуется коэффициентом корреляции -0.95.Ключевые слова: степные регионы России, антропогенная нагрузка, интегральный индекс, коэффициент корреляции, селитебная нагрузка, загрязнение атмосферного воздуха, нагрузка на водный бассейн, сельскохозяйственная нагрузка, транспортная нагрузка, образование отходов производства и потребления ВведениеОценка степени прямого и косвенного воздействия человека и его хозяйственной деятельности на природу составляет одну из актуальных задач в решении проблемы устойчивого развития степных регионов России. В настоящем исследовании в качестве степных мы рассматриваем 17 субъектов РФ, доля биома степей в которых значительна [1].Природные экосистемы обширной территории от Республики Крым до Алтайского края, протянувшейся почти на 4 тыс. км с запада на восток, постоянно подвержены влиянию антропогенных факторов. Зачастую, оценивая антропогенную нагрузку, исследователи ограничиваются показателями, характеризующими «очаговый» тип воздействия -урбанизированность (плотность городского населения) и степень техногенного загрязнения (плотность вредных атмосферных А.А. ЧИБИЛЁВ (мл.) и др.
The existing problems of sustainable development of territories, declining living standards, and increasing social inequality necessitated the development by the Government of the Russian Federation of a list of indicators for the analysis, evaluation, and monitoring of the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). It is grouped by 17 goals and used to prepare national reports and publications on the accomplishment of the SDGs in Russia. Our study provides assessment of the SDG indicators in 18 steppe regions of Russia for three years: 2011, 2015, and 2019. The rating assessment was carried out by the sum of rankings method, which made it possible to generalize individual estimates by totaling the rankings of the regions for each SDG indicator for each year. Based on the proposed methodology for calculating the integral sustainability rating, we have identified the leaders among the steppe zone regions (the Krasnodar Territory, Belgorod and Samara regions) as well as the regions with the ‘worst’ indicators of sustainable development (the Republic of Kalmykia, Altai Territory, Kurgan region). The results of the rating assessment are consistent with the results of cluster analysis. The evaluation of the relationship between the SDG indicators made it possible to establish the set of exogenous variables: employment and unemployment levels; the income concentration index; the proportion of the population living below the national poverty line; gross regional product per capita; indicators of the goal ‘Creation of sustainable infrastructure, promotion of extensive and sustainable industrialization and innovation’. The comprehensive assessment of the steppe regions differentiation according to the sustainable development indicators is visualized on a cartographic diagram. The results of the study, as well as the proposed methodology, can be used for monitoring and making optimal management decisions, for achieving the goals of sustainable development of steppe regions in terms of the economic, social, and environmental components.
Aim. An assessment and cartographical analysis of landscape-ecological stability in agricultural regions of Ural and West Siberia, subjects of Asian Russia, using eight steppe areas as an example. Material and Methods. An assessment of landscape-ecological stability through calculating the coefficient of the ecological stability of a landscape on the base of the conjugate analysis of 13 indicators grouped into two blocks -stable and unstable landscape components. Monitoring of the state of an agricultural area using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of crops on the base of Earth remote sensing.Results. Specific territorial features and inter-regional relations were determined according to separate landscape components. A schematic map reflecting the state of ecological stability was formulated; it was shown that this rises the more easterly the location. Conclusion.The Tyumen region is distinguished by clearly expressed ecological stability, which is also well expressed in the Novosibirsk region. Most other regions are characterized by a conditionally stable state. The Orenburg region's landscapes are in an unstable state. Arable lands are characterized by the most instability among unstable components of a landscape. The coefficient of landscape ecological stability (CESL) is tightly connected with the proportion of tillage in a region's total area. It rises with the reduction of a tillage area in 74% of cases studied. Withdrawal from cultivation of unstable and degraded lands during the intensification of agriculture in highly fertile areas and transfer to fodder lands (including protected areas), which contribute to an increase in the proportion of stable landscape elements, can be considered as the main direction for increasing their stability and preserving biological diversity.
Landscapes of the steppe zone in Asian part of Russia have undergone a large-scale agricultural development, experienced a negative effect due to agrarian-economical activity for last 2 centuries. The Virgin Land Campaign, aftermaths of which formed a complex of problems having the national character, was the brightest example of fatal anthropogenic transformation of steppe landscapes. A reduction of agricultural use of the territory due to economical crisis in 1990-s promoted to decrease a bit the anthropogenic load. To reveal peculiarities and disproportions of a land resources use in the steppe territories of the Asian part of Russia, a retrospective analysis of a state and special features of the land fund structure was conducted within 8 subjects of RF: Orenburgskaya, Chelyabinskaya, Kurganskaya, Tyumenskaya, Omskaya, Novosibirskaya oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Altaisky Kray. Indicators of rural and agricultural population for 1995-2008 were analyzed on the base of a ratio on which a level of ruralization within the studied regions was calculated. As a result, a schematic map was built to visualize spatial distribution and interconnections between indicators of the square of arable lands, the level of ruralization and the structure of agricultural lands. Keywordsland fund; level of ruralization; virgin lands developmet; steppe regions; Asian part of Russia.
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