To date, the rise and fall of the (former) USSR has triggered a lot of research much of which has focussed on the accumulation of physical capital, growth, and consumption. Recently, also the accumulation of human capital has increasingly been incorporated in this picture. However, few datasets exist that cover this crucial variable for this vast area. Therefore, our main objective is to make available a new dataset that contains human capital related time-series for the USSR (and the Newly Independent States (NIS) after its dissolution), constructed mostly on an annual basis. These data are drawn together from various primary sources, available datasets and secondary literature where our focus was on constructing a dataset as consistent as possible. It is our hope that, by supplying these data in electronic format, it will significantly advance quantitative economic history research on Russia and all over the former Soviet Union area (FSU) and will inspire further research in various new fields relating to intellectual production. The data presented in this paper follow after the discussion of the information value of the primary sources utilised, and the various problems that arose when linking and splicing the data from various sources. After constructing series of human capital indicators we perform a time-series and spatial analysis in order to identify the long-term trends of education penetration and of the human capital development in the FSU area with a strong emphasis on inequality issues between the NIS. Applying these results in a simple growth accounting framework provides us with some preliminary insights on the role of human capital in economic development in the FSU area.
Here, we discuss the role of both perspiration factors (physical and human capital) and inspiration factors (Total Factor Productivity) in the economic development of the Former Soviet Union area (FSU) and China, ca. 1920-2010. Using a newly created dataset, we find that during the Socialist central-planning period, economic growth in both countries was largely driven by physical capital accumulation. This finding follows logically from the development policies in place at that time. During their transition periods, (i.e., starting from the late 1970s in China and the late 1980s in the FSU), China managed to keep technical inefficiency of production factors in
According to the consensus view, it was primarily physical capital accumulation that drove economic growth during the early years of state socialism. Growth models incorporating both human and physical capital accumulation led to the conclusion that a high physical/human capital ratio can cause a lower economic growth in the long run, hence offering an explanation for the failure of socialist economies. In this paper, we show theoretically and empirically that according to the logic of the socialist planner, it was optimal to achieve a higher physical to human capital ratio in socialist countries than in the West. Using a VAR analysis, we fi nd empirical confi rmation that within the Material Product System of national accounting, the relative dominance of investment in physical capital accumulation relative to human capital was indeed more effi cient than under the system of national accounts.
Диденко Дмитрий Валерьевич — кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник Института социологии РАН. Эл. адрес: ddidenko@bloomberg.net Адрес: Институт социологии Российской академии наук — Россия, 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, д. 24/35, корп. 5.Ключарев Григорий Артурович — доктор философских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом социально-экономических исследований Института социологии РАН. Эл. адрес: kliucharevga@mail.ru Адрес: Институт социологии Российской академии наук — Россия, 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, д. 24/35, корп. 5.На материале массовых экспертных социологических опросов 2009–2011 гг. выявлены тенденции модернизационных преобразований в современной российской системе высшего образования. Показано, что высшая профессиональная школа сегодня функционально и ресурсно ориентирована в основном на подготовку кадров для догоняющего развития экономики и общества. 90% высших учебных заведений, в которых обучаются около 80% от общего числа студентов, реализуют модель догоняющего образования.Выделены особенности моделей инновационного и догоняющего профессионального образования, проанализирована их характерность для российской системы высшего образования. Перечислены основные направления модернизационных инициатив вузов-инноваторов, рассмотрены промежуточные результаты реализации инновационной стратегии развития профессионального образования.Анализ эмпирических данных показал, что в рамках инновационной модели происходит интенсивное увеличение образовательного пространства, реализуется принцип непрерывности образования. При этом деятельность учебного заведения не ограничивается рамками формального учебного процесса и получает выход в социально-экономическую сферу.В организации учебного процесса преобладают формы и методы, свойственные догоняющей модели. В рамках этой модели образования особое значение приобретает целевой набор студентов и целевое образовательное кредитование как наиболее надежная гарантия выполнения выпускником и предприятием взятых на себя обязательств.Выявлен значительный разрыв между содержанием образования и запросами практики, присущий вузам вне зависимости от модели образования. При этом установлено, что инновационная модель обеспечивает лучшие результаты трудоустройства. Подтверждено недостаточное участие вузов в реализации программ дополнительного образования, а также слабая связь вузов с рынком труда и конкретными предприятиями.
The book by R. M. Nureev and Yu. V. Latov is valuable as a rare case of theoretically reflected systematized selection of the available evidence on historical development of the national economy from the emergence of the Russian statehood. Its content stimulates the author of the article to make reflections on methodological issues of economic history research as well as on characteristic features of the selected periods of the national economy development and its subjects. The author shares the approach to economic history as the process of global competition of economic systems that results in selection of efficient set of institutions. Moreover, the book confirms high cognitive value of the modernization multidisciplinary paradigm for understanding regularities and peculiarities of development of the Russian economy. The author also discusses strong and weak points of civilization approach which is frequently utilized in social sciences. It is stressed that specific features of Russia, which is attributed to "catch-up" type of modernization, under strong "path dependence" in the immediate future it is more important to give priority to the tasks of catching up rather than the tasks of innovation per se.
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