Physical activity is one of the most important means of forming strong health of a child in the conditions of modern school. Currently, after-school sports activities are an integral part of life of the majority of school children. The objective of this study is to assess the state of posture of Moscow primary school children who attend and do not attend various sports clubs after school. The results of the study have shown that the most favorable sports for forming correct posture in children are figure skating, artistic gymnastics, and acrobatics. In these groups, the number of children with incorrect posture is the lowest, at 6.6% and 25%, respectively. Children involved in sambo and judo have disorders in 39.9% of cases. A high total percentage of posture disorders has been identified in groups of children engaged in martial arts, such as karate, aikido, and boxing (64.5%), sport dance (78.8%), and game sports and swimming (83.1% and 83.2%, respectively). The data obtained in the study allow us to talk about useful and harmful physical activities for the posture of primary school children. However, the largest number of children with posture disorders (96.6%) has been recorded in the group of children who do not participate in sports clubs and whose physical activity is limited only to school physical education lessons.
The problem of preserving the vision of younger generation is one of the most pressing issues not only in the field of health, but also in the field of education. This problem has become especially important in the context of intensification of modern school students' education. Unfortunately, over the past decades, there has been an increase in prevalence of visual impairment of children. Currently there is a special term — «school short-sightedness (Myopia) ". According to many researchers, vision problems begin from the moment the children enter school, and this alarming trend is being detected around the world today. The article presents the results of a survey of Moscow school teachers conducted in January 2020 in order to identify the level and content of their knowledge about visual disorders, awareness of issues of vision protection and methods of work with students, as well as the request for training in activities aimed at preventing and correcting visual disorders of students. 387 teachers from Moscow state schools (31educational complex from different administrative districts of Moscow) took part in the survey. The survey data obtained confirm that today in educational organizations the work on protection of children's vision is episodic, or is not carried out. The reasons for this are insufficient knowledge and lack of special training of teachers in issues of vision protectionof students. All of the above confirms the relevance of development of measures for activities in educational organizations for vision protection, dictates the need to develop both methodological support and educational training programs for teachers aimed at prevention and correction of visual disorders of students.
The article presents the results of a survey of parents of Moscow school students in order to study their attitude to physical education lessons and physical culture work at school. The survey (March — April 2022) was attended by 491 parents whose children study in 23 educational complexes in Moscow. The results of the survey showed that today there are problems in the organization of physical culture and recreation work at school. There is a request from the participants of educational relations for the development and creation of technologies to improve the level of physical health of a Moscow school student through a physical education lesson and other types of recreational work, including in an electronic educational environment and distance learning.
Motor activity is one of the essential means of shaping strong health and of a child's harmonious development in the contemporary school. This study is intended to estimate the physical development of children from Moscow primary schools who either attend or not attend sport clubs after lessons. The study findings suggested that the most advantageous sports for harmonious physical development of primary school students are different types of martial arts, sports gymnastics and acrobatics, because rather high results of physical development of static endurance of body muscles were observed. In the group of children attending athletic gymnastics and acrobatics, the high indicators were demonstrated in three of four test exercises. No significant differences were found when testing the balance and strength of finger flexors of children in comparison between groups by sports types, and the intra-group differences are observed in the group of children attending such clubs as football, swimming, karate, aikido and boxing, ballroom dancing, ballet, and cheer leading. The children who did not attend sports clubs after lessons demonstrated medium results in many test exercises. For instance, based on the results of the side plank, handgrip dynamometry and equilibrium tests, more than 40 % of children demonstrated asymmetry, which testifies to the inefficient system of the physical exercise lessons and other active forms of schooling. The study findings allow judging about the benefits and deficits of the teaching techniques and physical exercise arrangements in the studied sports clubs for the primary school students.
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