The process of nonlinear electrochemical deposition of Cu=Cu 2 O multilayers is studied in situ by optical techniques. It is shown that the reflectivity, being sensitive to the composition and structure of the multilayers, hides the presence of periodically repetitive layers. In contrast, second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensity reveals oscillations which follow the potential oscillations occurring during deposition. Both reflectivity and SHG intensity are described self-consistently by a generalized Maxwell-Garnett approximation.
The highest and most stable grain yields of winter barley depend on the possibility of using the variety of soil and climatic conditions of cultivation at the maximum level, as well as the ability to overcome adverse meteorological factors that impair plant growth and development. Therefore, new varieties must be characterized by a complex system of biochemical, physiological and economically valuable traits and properties that ensure adaptability to specific growing conditions. In recent years, climate change has become apparent in the central forest-steppe of Ukraine. Autumn and spring periods are often accompanied by drought, air storms. Precipitation is uneven, which is typical for the zone of unstable moistu. Winter barley can give high grain yields only on fertile soils and for the application of a sufficient amount of fertilizers. Therefore, in modern intensive technologies, the use of mineral fertilizers has an important place. It is especially important to carry out nitrogen fertilization of crops, which should be moderate in autumn and during tillering and the formation of elements of the yield structure. Plants assimilate nitrogen most intensively during the period of active growth - from the spring tillering phase to the heading phase. Introduction of diammofosk N10P26K26 + N34 for top dressing in the phase of the beginning of tillering + N46 the beginning of the emergence of plants into the tube under pre-sowing cultivation for growing winter barley winter barley plants and foliar feeding with urea at a dose of N8 + microfertilizer Ecolist at a rate of 4,0 l/ha contributed to the opportunity to obtain grain yield of winter barley varieties Atlant Mironovsky at the level of 6,81 t/ha, Paso variety – 7,29 t/ha, which is more for the control plots without fertilization, by 4,97-5,23 t/ha.
The article assesses and reflects the main aspects and vision of optimizing the fertilization of winter barley through root and foliar nutrition. The relevance and importance of such technological solutions and the search for optimal options for maximizing the yield potential of modern varieties of winter barley are emphasized, given the importance of this crop for the formation of the agricultural production potential of Ukraine. The processes of mineral nutrition have a significant impact on the growth and development and productivity of winter barley. To achieve the highest possible yield of winter barley grain, scientifically based norms of mineral fertilizers should be applied, and foliar top dressing with micronutrient fertilizers should be carried out during the growing season. One of the factors for increasing the productivity of winter barley is the leaf surface area, which further supports the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The leaf surface area significantly depends on the application rates of mineral fertilizers and the period of their application. It was determined that the leaf surface area of winter barley crops varied depending on the varietal composition. It was the highest for the cultivation of the barley variety of foreign selection Paso in the heading phase - 60,05 thousand m2/ha, while the winter barley variety Atlant Mironovsky in this phase was less at the level of 57,06 thousand m2/ha. Cultivation of intensive varieties of winter barley varieties Atlant Mironovsky and Paso requires the introduction of diammophos at the rate of N10P26K26 for sowing, spring top dressing with ammonium nitrate N34, and during the period of emergence of cultivated plants in the tube, the application of urea at a dose of N46, and a micro rate of 4,0 l/ha . Thanks to the application of mineral fertilizers, it is possible to obtain a grain yield of the winter domestic variety Atlant Mironovsky at the level of 6,90 t/ha, respectively, the variety of foreign selection – 7,42 t/ha.
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