INTRODUCTION: YKL-40 is a glycoprotein believed potentially to be a marker of various pathological processes. High levels of YKL-40 have been found in cancer and chronic infl ammatory diseases. The function of the glycoprotein is not completely known yet. A possible involvement in angiogenesis and tumor aggressiveness is supposed. Lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins (LAMP) 1 and 2 are highly conserved proteins with still undefi ned biological functions. There is evidence that they are implicated in autophagy, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationship between the tissue expression of YKL-40, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 in glial tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: LAMPs and YKL-40 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in 36 glial tumors. A morphometric analysis of the intensity of tissue expression was performed with the Quick-photo Micro 2.3. system. Area (μm), perimeter (μm), and expression level (%) of the three glycoproteins were calculated. RESULTS: LAMPs were found on cell membranes of glial and endothelial cells, while YKL-40 was detected in the cytoplasm of these cells. Intensive immunohistochemical reaction was present in tumor cells. LAMP-2 showed a more intensive staining compared to LAMP-1. CONCLUSION: We present the fi rst comparative study of YKL-40 and LAMPs in astroglial tumors. The relationship between the expression of the three glycoconjugates indicates a possible participation in the processes of angiogenesis and tissue remodeling during tumor development

INTRODUCTION:Recently, researchers have been considering as adverse prognostic factors in primary glioblastomas not only clinical indicators but also various cellular, genetic and immunological markers. The aim of the present article was to report a case of primary glioblastoma multiforme with poor survival in a patient after surgical intervention, and to determine the unfavorable prognostic markers. CASE REPORT: We present a 71-year-old man with histologically verifi ed glioblastoma multiforme and a postoperative survival of 48 days. The patient did not receive any radiotherapy and adjuvant therapy with temozolomide because of the short survival. Serum and transcription levels of TNF-α, CD44, YKL-40 and IL-6 were determined by molecular-biological and immunological analyses. We found very high transcription levels of the genes CD44, YKL-40 and IL-6, increased gene expression of TNF-α, and elevated serum concentrations of TNF-α, YKL-40 and IL-6 and reduced serum concentration of CD44. CONCLUSION: Molecular-biological and immunological analyses support the hypothesis that glioblastoma multiforme is presented by a heterogeneous group of glial tumors with different clinical course and prognosis. The high expression levels of TNF-α, CD44, YKL-40, and IL-6 indicate that the tumor can be categorized as mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma multiforme, which accounts for the rapid clinical course and lethal outcome of the condition. РЕЗЮМЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ: В качестве неблагоприятных прогностических факторов при первичных глиобластомах в последнее время обсуждаются не только клинические показатели, но и различные клеточные, генетические и иммунологические маркеры. ЦЕЛЬ: Работа ставит себе целью анализировать случай с первичной мультиформенной глиобластомой и краткой выживаемостью после оперативной интер-венции, а также и определить неблагоприятные прогностические маркеры. ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ СЛУЧАЯ: Авторы представляют случай 71-оголетнего мужчины с доказанной мультиформенной глиобластомой и постоперативной выживаемостью в 48 дней. Из-за непродолжительной выживаемости пациент не подвергнут телегамматерапии и адювантной терапии Темозоломид-ом. С помощью молекулярно-биологических и иммунологических анализов определены транскрипционные и сывороточные уровни TNF-α, IL-6, YKL-40 и CD44. Устанавливаются экстремно высокие транскрипционные уровни генов CD44, IL-6 и YKL-40, увеличенная экспрессия TNF-α, сопровожденные повышенной сывороточной концентрацией IL-6, TNF-α и YKL-40 и пониженной сывороточной концентрацией CD44. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Молекулярно-биологический и иммунологический анализы подкрепляют тезу, что мультиформенная глиобластома представлена гетерогенной группой глиальных опухолей различного клинического хода и прогноза. Высокие экспрессионные уровни CD44, TNF-α, IL-6 и YKL-40 являются индикацией субтипизирования опухоли как мезенхимальная мультиформенная глиобластома и вероятно определяет быстрый клинический ход и летальный исход.Ключевые слова: мультиформенная глиобластома, генная экспрессия, проинфляматорные цитокины, YKL-40, CD44 Fol...

Introduction: Colorectal carcinoma is the third most common cancer worldwide. The usual immunophenotype of colorectal adenocarcinoma is CDX2 positive, CK20 positive, and CK7 negative. Aberrant expression is reported in a variety of colorectal carcinomas but its relation to morphological variables and survival data is still unclear. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the aberrant immunostaining of colorectal carcinoma and different clinicopathological characteristics. Materials and methods: Immunohistochemical expression of CK20, CK7, and CDX2 was evaluated in 71 cases of colorectal carcinoma. Statistical analysis was performed to identify correlations between the morphological characteristics and the immunoprofile of colorectal carcinoma. Results: Positive cytoplasmic and/or membranous signal for CK20 was observed in 66.2% of colorectal carcinomas. CK7 positive immunostaining was seen in 7% of the cases. In terms of combined expression of CK20 and CK7, the proportion of immunoprofile CK20+/CK7− was the highest, accounting for 46 out of 71 colorectal carcinomas, followed by CK20−/CK7−, then CK20−/CK7+ and CK20+/CK7+. Concerning CDX2, the majority of colorectal carcinomas (87.3%) showed positive staining. Statistically significant correlation was established between CDX2 expression and histologic grade and depth of tumour invasion. Loss of CK20 positivity was associated with higher histologic grade. No association between CK7 expression and histopathologic features was established. Conclusions: The results support the heterogeneity of colorectal cancer. Over 35% of the cases in this study showed deviations from the expected immunoprofile. This should be taken into consideration when diagnosing colorectal carcinoma in metastatic regions.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common brain tumor in adults. It is characterized by a rapid clinical course and extremely unfavorable prognosis. The etiology and the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms are not entirely clear yet. Active proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and high angiogenicity are basic factors limiting the effect of standard therapy.A significant problem is the resistance of glioblastoma cells to apoptosis induced by most of antitumor drugs and radiotherapy. The functional activity of several tumorsuppressor genes is inhibited. The antiapoptotic effect of the normal brain matrix and the altered expression of integrin aVb3 act as main regulators of angiogenesis, invasion and proliferation of glioblastoma cells.Therapeutic strategies are based on cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to: activation of apoptosis, inhibition of growth factors and receptors, and blocking of angiogenesis. Crucial moment in modern therapy is the activation of autophagy. Its effectiveness depends on the expression level of genes mTOR and MTMG. The most promising approach is the complex one combining surgery, radiotherapy and targeted molecular therapy directed simultaneously to different cellular pathogenetic mechanisms.

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