The demand for electrochemical energy storage technologies is rapidly increasing due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources and the emerging markets of grid‐scale battery applications. The properties of batteries are ideal for most electrical energy storage (EES) needs, yet, faced with resource constraints, the ability of current lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to match this overwhelming demand is uncertain. Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are a novel class of batteries with similar performance characteristics to LIBs. Since they are composed of earth‐abundant elements, cheaper and utility scale battery modules can be assembled. As a result of the learning curve in the LIB technology, a phenomenal progression in material development has been realized in the SIB technology. In this review, innovative strategies used in SIB material development, and the electrochemical properties of anode, cathode, and electrolyte combinations are elucidated. Attractive performance characteristics are herein evidenced, based on comparative gravimetric and volumetric energy densities to state‐of‐the‐art LIBs. In addition, opportunities and challenges toward commercialization are herein discussed based on patent data trend analysis. With extensive industrial adaptations expected, the commercial prospects of SIBs look promising and this once discarded technology is set to play a major role in EES applications.

TU/e), the Netherlands. Currently, he is conducting his research at Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). His research interests focus on the design and development of effective strategies for high-performance Li-S batteries. Dmitri L. Danilov, Ph.D., has a background in physics and mathematics and obtained his M.Sc. at the Saint-Petersburg University in 1993. In 2003, he got Ph.D. degree from the University of Tilburg.In 2002, he joined Eurandom institute in Eindhoven University of Technology, being involved in various national and international research projects. His current research interests include mathematical modeling of complex electrochemical systems, including Li-ion and NiMH batteries, ageing and degradation processes, thin-film batteries, and advanced characterization methods. Starting 2017, he joined IEK-9 in the Forschungszentrum Jülich.

The growing demand for sustainable energy storage devices requires rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with higher specific capacity and stricter safety standards. Ni‐rich layered transition metal oxides outperform other cathode materials and have attracted much attention in both academia and industry. Lithium‐ion batteries composed of Ni‐rich layered cathodes and graphite anodes (or Li‐metal anodes) are suitable to meet the energy requirements of the next generation of rechargeable batteries. However, the instability of Ni‐rich cathodes poses serious challenges to large‐scale commercialization. This paper reviews various degradation processes occurring at the cathode, anode, and electrolyte in Ni‐rich cathode‐based LIBs. It highlights the recent achievements in developing new stabilization strategies for the various battery components in future Ni‐rich cathode‐based LIBs.

versatile energy storage device, which, nowadays, powers anything from microsensors to electric vehicles. Granted, the limitation to only three recipients is a restriction of the Nobel committee, we must equally acknowledge other scientists, some of whom will be mentioned in this essay, whose key contributions led to the development of one of humanity's greatest achievements of the last century. Based on the discoveries of the aforementioned Nobel laureates, LIBs were commercialized in 1991 by SONY and immediately experienced a double-digit growth in sales. [2] It took only 6 years for the LIB market share to surpass that of incumbent battery technologies, the likes of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. [3] This phenomenal growth was made possible by the rise in portable consumer electronic devices (e.g., cassette recorders, discmans, personal care appliances, and mobile phones). The problem was powering these devices off-grid for long periods of time. [4] The lightweight and high energy density characteristics of LIBs made them ideal for these applications. This also meant that there was no direct competition between LIBs and existing battery technologies; for example, the sales in NiCd and NiMH in Japan did not decline as a result of the exponential growth in LIB sales. [3] Evidently, a new market segment had emerged and the LIB was an idea whose time had come. Since the first commercial LIB, portable consumer electronics have drastically evolved, in form and function. Often, we cite Moore's law, an observation that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles, about every 2 years. [5,6] This means, computing speed has roughly doubled biennially, giving rise to "smart" devices. The battery energy density needed to run these complex devices has also increased, albeit at a slower rate. This is because of fundamental chemical limitations, and increasing the useful energy density of batteries has proved to be an enormous challenge. [7] Nevertheless, there remains room to improve other battery properties such as cost, cycling stability, safety, environmental toxicity, and cell design. [8-11] An outstanding feature of LIBs is their ability to continually find new applications. Of late, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) pioneered by Tesla Inc., BYD, and Nissan have been successfully commercialized, powered by LIBs. [12] A Tesla model S with an on-board battery pack of 100 kWh has a driving range of 600 km, certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [13] The global fleet of electric cars and busses currently stands at 4 million, a number that is expected to reach Among the existing energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have unmatched energy density and versatility. From the time of their first commercialization in 1991, the growth in LIBs has been driven by portable devices. In recent years, however, large-scale electric vehicle and stationary applications have emerged. Because LIB raw material deposits are unevenly distributed and prone to pric...

A mathematical model for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries is presented. The model includes the charge transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, diffusion of lithium in the intercalation electrode, and diffusion and migration of ions in the electrolyte. The model has been applied to the experimental data taken from a 10μAh planar thin-film all-solid-state Li-ion battery, produced by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. This battery consists of a 320nm thick polycrystalline LiConormalO2 cathode and a metallic Li anode separated by 1.5μm normalLi3PnormalO4 solid-state electrolyte. Such thin-film batteries are nowadays often employed as power sources for various types of autonomous devices, including wireless sensor nodes and medical implants. Mathematical modeling is an important tool to describe the performance of these batteries in these applications. The model predictions agree well with the galvanostatically measured voltage profiles. The simulations show that the transport limitations in the solid-state electrolyte are considerable and amounts to at least half of the total overpotential. This contribution becomes even larger when the current density reaches 0.5mAcm−2 or higher. It is concluded from the simulations that significant concentration gradients develop in both the positive electrode and the solid-state electrolyte during a high current (dis)charge.

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Temperature measurements of Li-ion batteries are important for assisting Battery Management Systems in controlling highly relevant states, such as State-of-Charge and State-of-Health. In addition, temperature measurements are essential to prevent dangerous situations and to maximize the performance and cycle life of batteries. However, due to thermal gradients, which might quickly develop during operation, fast and accurate temperature measurements can be rather challenging. For a proper selection of the temperature measurement method, aspects such as measurement range, accuracy, resolution, and costs of the method are important. After providing a brief overview of the working principle of Li-ion batteries, including the heat generation principles and possible consequences, this review gives a comprehensive overview of various temperature measurement methods that can be used for temperature indication of Li-ion batteries. At present, traditional temperature measurement methods, such as thermistors and thermocouples, are extensively used. Several recently introduced methods, such as impedance-based temperature indication and fiber Bragg-grating techniques, are under investigation in order to determine if those are suitable for largescale introduction in sophisticated battery-powered applications.

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