The high degree of miniaturization in the electronics industry has been, for several years, a driver to push embedded systems to different fields and applications. One example is safety-critical systems, where the compactness in the form factor helps to reduce the costs and allows for the implementation of new techniques. The automotive industry is a great example of a safety-critical area with a great rise in the adoption of microelectronics. With it came the creation of the ISO 26262 standard with the goal of guaranteeing a high level of dependability in the designs. Other areas in the safety-critical applications domain have similar standards. However, these standards are mostly guidelines to make sure that designs reach the desired dependability level without explicit instructions. In the end, the success of the design to fulfill the standard is the result of a thorough verification process. Naturally, the goal of any verification team dealing with such important designs is complete coverage as well as standards conformity, but as these are complex hardware, complete functional verification is a difficult task. From the several techniques that exist to verify hardware, where each has its pros and cons, we studied six well-established in academia and in industry. We can divide them into two categories: simulation, which needs extremely large amounts of time, and formal verification, which needs unrealistic amounts of resources. Therefore, we conclude that a hybrid approach offers the best balance between simulation (time) and formal verification (resources).
Resumo Introdução: O grande número de defi cientes auditivos faz da perda auditiva um sério problema social, econômico e de saúde pública. Próteses auditivas e implantes cocleares representam os principais dispositivos utilizados como paliativos por pessoas com defi ciência auditiva, sendo que os implantes cocleares são muitas vezes a única opção nos casos de defi ciência auditiva severa e profunda. Nesse artigo discute-se de maneira geral os diferentes aspectos envolvendo implantes cocleares, tanto de âmbito tecnológico como seu papel socioeconômico. Métodos: Baseado em dados do SUS, IBGE e outras fontes, um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo é feito pela primeira vez especifi camente para a população brasileira. O artigo discute ainda o estado da arte das tecnologias envolvidas no implante coclear, com base em literatura científi ca e informações de fabricantes, bem como as perspectivas para as próximas gerações de implantes cocleares. Conclusão: Há potencial e demanda para evoluções nos implantes atuais. A implantação precoce é benéfi ca para pacientes e sociedade, compensando os custos econômica e socialmente. No entanto, as políticas públicas de reabilitação necessitam se adequar para atender com efi cácia à crescente população afetada pela defi ciência auditiva.Palavras-chave Implante coclear, Processamento de sinais, Defi ciência auditiva severa e profunda, Impacto socioeconômico.
Cochlear implants: technological aspects and socioeconomic role
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