There is a potential market in low-income African countries for instant and fortified cereal food products, but likely in the higher income and education groups. The increased cost needs to be compared to the premiums consumers are willing to pay. In the next step, the new and promising products could be tested in pilot markets, with target consumers. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
BackgroundSeasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine (AQ) is being scaled up in Sahelian countries of West Africa. However, the potential development of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to the respective component drugs is a major concern.MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted before (August 2012) and after (June 2014) a pilot implementation of SMC in Koutiala, Mali. Children aged 3–59 months received 7 rounds of curative doses of SP plus AQ over two malaria seasons. Genotypes of P. falciparum Pfdhfr codons 51, 59 and 108; Pfdhps codons 437 and 540, Pfcrt codon 76 and Pfmdr1codon 86 were analyzed by PCR on DNA from samples collected before and after SMC, and in non-SMC patient population as controls (November 2014).ResultsIn the SMC population 191/662 (28.9%) and 85/670 (12.7%) of children were P. falciparum positive by microscopy and were included in the molecular analysis before (2012) and after SMC implementation (2014), respectively. In the non-SMC patient population 220/310 (71%) were successfully PCR analyzed. In the SMC children, the prevalence of all molecular markers of SP resistance increased significantly after SMC including the Pfdhfr-dhps quintuple mutant genotype, which was 1.6% before but 7.1% after SMC (p = 0.02). The prevalence of Pfmdr1-86Y significantly decreased from 26.7% to 15.3% (p = 0.04) while no significant change was seen for Pfcrt 76T. In 2014, prevalence of all molecular markers of SP resistance were significantly higher among SMC children compared to the non-SMC population patient (p < 0.01). No Pfdhfr-164 mutation was found neither at baseline nor post SMC.ConclusionSMC increased the prevalence of molecular markers of P. falciparum resistance to SP in the treated children. However, there was no significant increase of these markers of resistance in the general parasite population after 2 years and 7 rounds of SMC.
Située à proximité de Kinshasa, la province du Bas-Congo (R.D. Congo) est l'une des principales pourvoyeuses en produits vivriers de cette ville. Par conséquent, l'augmentation de la pression sur les ressources naturelles s'accentue. L'analyse diachronique du paysage peut servir à montrer l'effet des actions anthropiques sur l'occupation du sol de cette province. La présente étude a pour but la quantification de la dynamique paysagère dans une zone test de cette province entre 1960 et 2005. Elle a permis, grâce à la matrice de transition appuyée par le calcul d'indices de structure spatiale, de montrer que l'occupation du sol a profondément changé. La matrice du paysage, initialement constituée par les forêts secondaires (49,95% du paysage), s'est dégradée au profit des savanes (qui ont conquis 14,23% des forêts secondaires) et des jachères et champs (qui ont conquis 27,23% des forêts secondaires). L'étude a ainsi révélé trois processus de transformation du paysage: la savanisation, la fragmentation de l'écosystème forestier et enfin une la formation de forêt dense (succession). Ces changements-excepté la succession-sont principalement dus à des perturbations anthropiques. La pression démographique et les pratiques agricoles non durables ont orienté la modification de l'occupation du sol. Les écosystèmes forestiers ont été substitués par des écosystèmes anthropisés menaçant alors la biodiversité de cette zone.
RESUME Les aflatoxines sont des toxines produites principalement par les moisissures du genre Aspergillus (Aspergillus flavus et Aspergillus parasiticus).Les molécules les plus abondantes de la famille des aflatoxines sont l'AFB1, l'AFB2, l'AFG1 et l'AFG2. C'est dans les pays africains, d'Asie du Sud et d'Amérique du Sud, où le climat est chaud et humide, que la contamination des céréales par l'aflatoxine est plus fréquente. Dans la plus part des pays africains, près de la moitié de la production céréalière a une teneur en aflatoxine supérieure aux standards internationaux. L'estimation de la quantité d'aflatoxine dans le maïs en 2016 a donné des intervalles de [1,06-852,2ppm] au Sénégal, de [8,0-1081ppm] en Tanzanie, avec un taux d'échantillons dépassant la limite maximale qui varie entre 2-85% de 622 échantillons. Au niveau africain la contamination des céréales par cette toxine a des conséquences économiques, alimentaires et surtout sanitaires. Pour lutter contre la présence de l'aflatoxine dans des céréales en Afrique des méthodes chimiques, physiques et biologiques sont employées, bien qu'elles soient limitées. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mot clés : Aflatoxine, Contamination, Céréale, Lutte, Prévalence, Afrique. African crops contamination by aflatoxin: review of existing methods of control ABSTRACTAflatoxins are toxins produced mainly by Aspergillus (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus). The most abundant molecules of aflatoxins family are AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. It is in African countries, South Asia and South America, where the climate is hot and humid, that contamination of crops with aflatoxin is more common. In most African countries, nearly half of crops production has higher aflatoxin content compared to international standards. The estimate of the quantity of aflatoxin in crops on the year 2016 E. DIEME et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 10(5): 2285-2299, 2016 2286 has yielded intervals [1. 06-852.2ppb] in Senegal, [8.0-1081ppb] in Tanzania, with a sample rate exceeding the maximum limit that varies between 2-85% of 622 samples. The level of grain aflatoxin contamination in Africa has economic and food consequences; and especially impact the human health. To fight against the contamination of Africa crops by aflatoxin, physical, chemical and biological methods are employed with obvious limits.
BackgroundMalaria intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infant with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) reduced the incidence of malaria and anaemia by 30% and 20% respectively. The strategy is now a recommended policy for malaria control. However, there was no published study on the impact of the strategy on mortality. The present study assessed the impact of the implementation of IPTi-SP in health services in Mali on all-cause mortality.MethodsThe 22 health sub-districts of the district of Kolokani were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to either receive IPTi-SP or to serve as a control. The IPTi-SP was implemented for two years starting December 2006. Information on births and deaths through 31 March, 2009 was collected on all children who reached four months of age on 1 December, 2006, likely to be exposed to the intervention in 75 localities randomly selected in each zone.ResultsA total of 5,882 children (2,869 from the intervention zone and 3,013 from the nonintervention zone) who reached four months of age between 1 December, 2006 and 1 December, 2008 were surveyed between the age of four months to the age of 18 months from 1 December, 2006 to 31 March, 2009. In the cohort of four to 18 months of age, the mortality rate per 1,000 children was 2.53 in the intervention zone compared to 3.46 in the nonintervention zone, gender and season adjusted mortality rate ratio (MRR) = 0.73 (95% CI 0.55-0.97, p = 0.029). In the cohort of the four to 12 months of age, mortality rates per 1,000 children were 2.22 in the intervention zone and 3.13 in the non-intervention zone, MRR = 0.71 (95% CI 0.49-1.02, p = 0.064) adjusted for gender and season.ConclusionThe implementation of the IPTi-SP resulted in a substantial reduction in all-cause mortality in children. The results of this study support the adoption and the implementation of IPTi-SP as malaria control strategy.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.govNCT00766662
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