La dynamique temporelle des forêts d'une zone de transition forêt-savane, située dans le département de Tanda, à l'est de la Côte d'Ivoire, a été déterminée à partir de l'analyse diachronique de deux images satellitaires de type Landsat TM 1986 et Landsat ETM+ 2000, et de missions de vérification sur le terrain. Les résultats indiquent que les surfaces forestières en 2000 couvraient 29 % de la zone d'étude au lieu de 73 % en 1986. Cette régression forestière a été compensée par une augmentation des zones occupées par les savanes. Les forêts denses sont les plus affectées par cette perte d'habitat, leur superficie ayant diminué de 83 % pendant la période d'étude. La dynamique spatiale du paysage, caractérisée par des indices structuraux, a montré un processus de création de taches de savanes par opposition à la suppression de celles des formations boisées. D'une façon générale, la région d'étude a subi une transformation importante liée essentiellement aux activités agricoles et à la pression démographique. (Résumé d'auteur)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low- and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.
ObjectiveTo assess the impact of a decade of biennial mass administration of praziquantel on schistosomiasis in school-age children in Burkina Faso.MethodsIn 2013, in a national assessment based on 22 sentinel sites, 3514 school children aged 7–11 years were checked for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infection by the examination of urine and stool samples, respectively. We analysed the observed prevalence and intensity of infections and compared these with the relevant results of earlier surveys in Burkina Faso.FindingsS. haematobium was detected in 287/3514 school children (adjusted prevalence: 8.76%, range across sentinel sites: 0.0–56.3%; median: 2.5%). The prevalence of S. haematobium infection was higher in the children from the Centre-Est, Est and Sahel regions than in those from Burkina Faso’s other eight regions with sentinel sites (P < 0.001). The adjusted arithmetic mean intensity of S. haematobium infection, among all children, was 6.0 eggs per 10 ml urine. Less than 1% of the children in six regions had heavy S. haematobium infections – i.e. at least 50 eggs per 10 ml urine – but such infections were detected in 8.75% (28/320) and 11.56% (37/320) of the children from the Centre-Est and Sahel regions, respectively. Schistosoma mansoni was only detected in two regions and 43 children – i.e. 1 (0.31%) of the 320 from Centre-Sud and 42 (8.75%) of the 480 from Hauts Bassins.ConclusionBy mass use of preventive chemotherapy, Burkina Faso may have eliminated schistosomiasis as a public health problem in eight regions and controlled schistosome-related morbidity in another three regions.
Située à proximité de Kinshasa, la province du Bas-Congo (R.D. Congo) est l'une des principales pourvoyeuses en produits vivriers de cette ville. Par conséquent, l'augmentation de la pression sur les ressources naturelles s'accentue. L'analyse diachronique du paysage peut servir à montrer l'effet des actions anthropiques sur l'occupation du sol de cette province. La présente étude a pour but la quantification de la dynamique paysagère dans une zone test de cette province entre 1960 et 2005. Elle a permis, grâce à la matrice de transition appuyée par le calcul d'indices de structure spatiale, de montrer que l'occupation du sol a profondément changé. La matrice du paysage, initialement constituée par les forêts secondaires (49,95% du paysage), s'est dégradée au profit des savanes (qui ont conquis 14,23% des forêts secondaires) et des jachères et champs (qui ont conquis 27,23% des forêts secondaires). L'étude a ainsi révélé trois processus de transformation du paysage: la savanisation, la fragmentation de l'écosystème forestier et enfin une la formation de forêt dense (succession). Ces changements-excepté la succession-sont principalement dus à des perturbations anthropiques. La pression démographique et les pratiques agricoles non durables ont orienté la modification de l'occupation du sol. Les écosystèmes forestiers ont été substitués par des écosystèmes anthropisés menaçant alors la biodiversité de cette zone.
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