Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cells and has the ability to divide (through mitosis) to produce extra stem cells [1]. It is the ancestor at the top of the family tree of related cell types. Stem cells research is based on the knowledge about how a single cell leads to development of an organism and how damaged cells get replaced by healthy cells in adult organisms [2]. Based on the stage at which they are isolated stem cells can be categorized as embryogenic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells. Embryogenic stem cells are totipotent being derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst during gastrulation. Even after having the greatest biological potential, ethical issue on the use of ESCs has precluded their widespread study, especially in humans [3]. These are obtained from in vitro fertilization, or aborted embryos 3 or 4 day old embryo [4]. Adult stem cells are derived from postnatal fully developed tissue and are believed to renew cell populations, Recent and exciting new discoveries place dentists at the forefront of helping their patients benefit from potentially life-saving therapies derived from stem cells. The tooth is store house for these precious stem cells, and there is an abundance of these cells in baby teeth, wisdom teeth, and permanent teeth. Obtaining stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is simple and convenient, with little or no trauma. SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow-derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells.
Preservation of primary teeth is essential for the space maintenance till the eruption of permanent teeth. So, endodontic treatment is done for the same purpose. Various obturating materials have been introduced for the root canal filling of primary teeth but none could match all the ideal properties of the material. The main aim of the clinician should be to fill the root canal with material which could match maximum requirements of the ideal properties.
There is an increasing population of apparently well, but in fact medically compromised people in the community. Most will require dental treatment at some stage and will usually seek it away from a hospital environment. In a recent survey of a general dental practice in Australia it was found that up to 55 per cent of some age groups had concurrent medical problems. Thus there is a real risk that adverse interactions between medical conditions and dental treatment may occur on some occasions, even fatal ones. It is not possible for any individual to know the details of all medical conditions, their treatment and the possible interactions with dental treatment. However, by the application of some sound general principles the risks of any potential interactions can be evaluated. The essential steps for a clinician are: knowledge of the medical history of all patients, potential drug interactions and management of medical emergencies. These principles will be discussed and illustrated by examples of medically compromised patients who may experience common or potentially serious sequelae as a result of dental treatment.
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