Aim To test the association of alcohol consumption with total and cause-specific mortality risk. Design Prospective observational multi-centre population-based study. Setting Sixteen cohorts (15 from Europe) in the MOnica Risk, Genetics, Archiving and Monograph (MORGAM) Project. Participants A total of 142 960 individuals (mean age 50 ± 13 years, 53.9% men). Measurements Average alcohol intake by food frequency questionnaire, total and cause-specific mortality. Findings In comparison with life-time abstainers, consumption of alcohol less than 10 g/day was associated with an average 11% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 7-14%] reduction in the risk of total mortality, while intake > 20 g/day was associated with a 13% (95% CI = 7-20%) increase in the risk of total mortality. Comparable findings were observed for cardiovascular (CV) deaths. With regard to cancer, drinking up to 10 g/day was not associated with either mortality risk reduction or increase, while alcohol intake > 20 g/day was associated with a 22% (95% CI = 10-35%) increased risk of mortality. The association of alcohol with fatal outcomes was similar in men and women, differed somewhat between countries and was more apparent in individuals preferring wine, suggesting that benefits may not be due to ethanol but other ingredients. Mediation analysis showed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol explained 2.9 and 18.7% of the association between low alcohol intake and total as well as CV mortality, respectively. Conclusions In comparison with life-time abstainers, consuming less than one drink per day (nadir at 5 g/day) was associated with a reduced risk of total, cardiovascular and other causes mortality, except cancer. Intake of more than two drinks per day was associated with an increased risk of total, cardiovascular and especially cancer mortality.
This paper outlines the benefits of combining wide-area monitoring and control systems with demand-side management applications for more effective network utilization. Besides a general overview of these two powerful technologies in combination, a technical architecture, and economic benefit in the context of power system operation is encouraged. A case, where a wind park's feed into a neighboring system and wind power generation's non-deterministic behavior caused expensive spot market energy purchase, demonstrates the impact of the proposed wide-area measurement system with ripple control for demand-side management. This example underlines application areas for some typical network configurations with decentralized power generation or dedicated corridors to neighbored systems. It further shows the potential of the proposed load-control scheme with respect to economic, ecological, and reliable power system operation against the background of increasingly decentralized and renewable generation units.Index Terms-Demand-side management (DSM), effective network load-control, postponement of investments, power system control, utilization, wide-area measurement, wind power integration.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Aufsatz fasst Erkenntnisse zum Gesteuerten Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen zusammen. Es werden zwei Verfahren gezeigt. Das Wind−2-Vehicle-Verfahren (W2V) ist Beispiel für die Nutzung Gesteuerten Ladens, um einer regenerativen Einspeisung folgenden Bedarf zu realisieren. Das Lokale Lastmanagement (LLM) ist Beispiel, um Informationen aus dem Verteilnetz zu nutzen, um die Ladeleistung von Elektrofahrzeugen zeitlich zu begrenzen.
One of the most challenging aspects regarding realisation of meshed high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems is the handling of DC line faults. Due to the specific DC fault current phenomena, AC fault detection and clearance methods are not applicable in meshed HVDC grids. New fault clearing algorithms and equipment need to be developed. Therefore it is necessary to be aware of the DC fault current characteristics. Starting from a travelling wave approach simplifications for fault currents in low -and high impedance earthed DC grids are derived. On this basis, a non-telecommunication based DC fault detection algorithm is designed. Due to its decentralised implementation, it is very fast acting, reliable and economic in comparison with centralised approaches which are characterised by a parallel telecommunication system. Furthermore it is able to detect pole to pole as well as pole to earth faults in low-and high-impedance earthed DC grid. Finally this fault detection algorithm is validated by numerical case studies.
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