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Laparoscopic surgery (LS), also termed minimal access surgery, has brought a paradigm shift in the approach to modern surgical care. Early postoperative recovery, less pain, improved aesthesis and early return to work have led to its popularity both amongst surgeons and patients. Its application has progressed from cholecystectomies and appendectomies to various other fields including gastrointestinal surgery, urology, gynecology and oncosurgery. However, LS has its own package of complications. Port site infection (PSI), although infrequent, is one of the bothersome complications which undermine the benefits of minimal invasive surgery. Not only does it add to the morbidity of the patient but also spoils the reputation of the surgeon. Despite the advances in the field of antimicrobial agents, sterilization techniques, surgical techniques, operating room ventilation, PSIs still prevail. The emergence of rapid growing atypical mycobacteria with multidrug resistance, which are the causative organism in most of the cases, has further compounded the problem. PSIs are preventable if appropriate measures are taken preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively. PSIs can often be treated non-surgically, with early identification and appropriate management. Macrolides, quinolones and aminoglycosides antibiotics do show promising activity against the atypical mycobacteria. This review article highlights the clinical burden, presentations and management of PSIs in LS as shared by various authors in the literature. We have given emphasis to atypical mycobacteria, which are emerging as a common etiological agent for PSIs in LS. Although the existing literature lacks consensus regarding PSI management, the complication can be best avoided by strictly abiding by the commandments of sterilization techniques of the laparoscopic instruments with appropriate sterilizing agent.

Objective: Dysmenorrhea is a condition, in which there is a severe, painful, cramping sensation in the lower abdomen which occurs just before or during the menses. It has a major impact on the quality of life and social and occupational roles of females in the society. It also results in insignificant work, school, and college absences in girls. As previous studies have failed to show a definite relation between dysmenorrhea and body mass index (BMI), the aim of our study was to find out an association between BMI and dysmenorrhea among medical students. Methods:The study was conducted on 200 medical students. Each one was supplied with a questionnaire with detailed menstrual history, family history of dysmenorrhea, and detailed H/O of physical exercise and dietary habits. BMI was calculated by the formula weight in kg/height 2 in meter, and based on the BMI criteria by the World Health Organization, the students were classified into four groups: Underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test, and p<0.5 was considered significant.Result: From our study, we found out that there is a positive correlation between dysmenorrhea and low BMI. Conclusion:As there is a positive correlation between BMI and dysmenorrhea, our aim was to educate people about dysmenorrhea and create awareness on diet and dysmenorrhea to assist in improving the quality of life in females.

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This manuscript is a mathematical expression for micropolar nanofluid flow phenomena past a stretching permeable sheet. Here, the micropolar nanofluid, which is water and kerosene based, contains Copper nanoparticles. The similarity approach has been adopted to obtain the ordinary differential equations from the respective basic equations. Using an analytical method, that is, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM), the nonlinear coupled ordinary equations are solved. From the computational aspect, it is ensured that results of shooting technique and ADM (present method) yield same results for special cases. Computations are obtained for velocity, microrotation, and temperature profiles for different pertinent parameters along with skin friction and Nusselt number. The major outcomes are: the Cu‐water nanofluid velocity dominates over the Cu‐kerosene nanofluid velocity and temperature and further, thermal radiation is favorable to enhance the fluid temperature.

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