Although few studies have evaluated the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with NASH, it is observed that these individuals have a distinct gut microbiota, compared to the control groups, which explains, at least in part, the genesis and progression of the disease through multiple mechanisms. Modulation of the gut microbiota through diet control offers new challenges for future studies.
The use of antimicrobials and toxic metals should be considered carefully in aquaculture and surrounding environments. We aimed to evaluate medically relevant bacteria in an aquaculture system and their susceptibility to antimicrobials and toxic metals. Selective cultures for enterobacteria (ENT), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFR) and Gram-positive cocci (GPC) were obtained from water samples collected in two different year seasons. The isolated bacteria were biochemically identified and antimicrobial and toxic metal susceptibility patterns were determined. Overall, 407 representative strains were recovered. In general, bacteria isolated from fish ponds showed higher multiple antibiotic resistance indices when compared to those isolated from a water-fed canal. Resistance to penicillin and azithromycin was observed more frequently in the GPC group, whereas resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam or gentamicin was observed more frequently in the ENT and NFR groups, respectively. All the isolated bacteria were tolerant to nickel, zinc, chromium and copper at high levels (≥1,024 μg mL−1), whereas tolerance to cadmium and mercury varied among the isolated bacteria (2–1,024 μg mL−1). Multidrug-resistant bacteria were more frequent and diverse in fish ponds than in the water-fed canal. A positive correlation was observed between antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance. The data point out the need for water treatment associated with the aquaculture system.
Information about bacterial community structure and functioning in fish farming ponds remains scarce, mainly due to methodological difficulties in counting and identifying uncultured bacteria. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of similarity between the bacterial community of the digestive tract of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles and that of the test pond's water and sediment, using the Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique. Samples of water, sediment and gut content of 30 tilapia juveniles from a single nursery ground were collected in January 2010. Potentially probiotic and pathogenic bacteria of the species Bacillus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus collinoides, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Lactobacillus farciminis, Vibrio and Pseudomonas fluorescens were found in different samples using specific fluorescent probes. The similarity between bacterial community environments and gastrointestinal tracts was determined using the Morisita-Horn index. The fish guts presented higher abundances of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus collinoides. The bacterial community composition of tilapia gastrointestinal tract was more similar to the water than the sediment of the pond. The results of this study showed that the FISH technique can be easily used for monitoring of probiotics and pathogen detection in aquaculture systems.
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