Exchange rate misalignment assessment is becoming more relevant in recent period particularly after the nancial crisis of 2008. There are dierent methodologies to address real exchange rate misalignment. The real exchange misalignment is dened as the dierence between actual real eective exchange rate and some equilibrium norm. Dierent norms are available in the literature. Our paper aims to contribute to the literature by showing that Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate approach (BEER) adopted by Clark & MacDonald (1999), Ubide et al. (1999), Faruqee (1994), Aguirre & Calderón (2005) and Kubota (2009) among others can be improved in two following manners. The rst one consists of jointly modeling real eective exchange rate, trade balance and net foreign asset position. The second one has to do with the possibility of explicitly testing over identifying restrictions implied by economic theory and allowing the analyst to show that these restrictions are not falsied by the empirical evidence. If the economic based identifying restrictions are not rejected it is also possible to decompose exchange rate misalignment in two pieces, one related to long run fundamentals of exchange rate and the other related to external account imbalances. We also discuss some necessary conditions that should be satised for disrcarding trade balance information without compromising exchange rate misalignment assessment. A statistical (but not a theoretical) identifying strategy for calculating exchange rate misalignment is also discussed. We illustrate the advantages of our approach by analyzing the Brazilian case. We show that the traditional approach disregard important information of external accounts equilibrium for this economy.

Background: Obturation represents a critical step in endodontic treatment, which relies on a core material and a sealer. This study aims to evaluate the sealing ability and bond strength to the root canal walls of an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus®, Dentsply Sirona, Johnson City, TN, USA) and a bioceramic sealer (GuttaFlow Bioseal®, Coltène/Whaledent, GmbH + Co. KG, Langenau, Germany). Methods: Thirty-eight maxillary anterior teeth with single roots and identical round sections were separated into two experimental groups according to the root canal sealers used, namely, G1 = AH-Plus® and G2 = GuttaFlow Bioseal®, and two control groups, specifically, G3 = the negative control and G4 = the positive control. The sealing capacity was measured by the penetration of the radioactive isotope 99mTc. For the push-out test, the compressive force test was performed in a universal machine and the force was applied by exerting pressure on the surface of the material to be tested in the apical to the coronal direction and using three test points with different diameters. Results: GuttaFlow Bioseal® exhibited superior sealing ability compared to AH-Plus® (p = 0.003). Regarding the bond strength, AH-Plus® provided higher adhesion values than GuttaFlow Bioseal® in the three sections of the tooth root (p = 0.001). Conclusions: GuttaFlow Bioseal® had significantly better sealing ability than AH-Plus® but lower adhesion values in the three zones of the root canal, with statistically significant differences between the groups. However, it is important to note that for the action of endodontic sealers to be maximized, the root-filling technique must be most appropriate.

The subjective nature of pain and the lack of a gold standard for objective measurement hinders effective assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Some individuals, such as professional dancers, are better in assessing and reporting bodily sensations. This observational study aimed to assess whether dancers report their pain less variably, than other people do. After consenting, subjects completed the focused analgesia selection test (FAST), which assesses subjects' variability of pain reports. FAST outcomes, ICC and R 2 reflect the magnitude of variability of pain reports observed. In addition, subjects underwent a taste task, which similarly assesses variability of tastes (salty and sweet) intensity reports and completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness questionnaire. Thirty-three professional dancers and 33 healthy aged-matched controls were recruited. The dancers exhibited less variability of pain reports then controls (P = .013), but not in case of tastes-reports.

Este trabalho analisa o comportamento das contas externas dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil em 1970-2017 para entender se a trajetória da conta corrente é sustentável no longo prazo. Há evidência de comportamento explosivo por parte dos ativos e passivos externos dos EUA. Se os ativos do país no exterior continuarem com uma taxa de retorno maior do que a taxa que remunera passivos externos, conseguirá prosseguir com uma Balança Comercial deficitária sem deixar de ser solvente. No caso brasileiro, a evidência é de solvência externa, mas sem diferença entre as taxas de retorno dos ativos e dos passivos externos.

Economic performance increasingly relies on global economic environment due to the growing importance of trade and nancial links among countries. Literature on growth spillovers shows various gains obtained by this interaction. This work aims at analyzing the possible eects of a potential economic growth downturn in China, Germany and United States on the growth of other economies. We use global autoregressive regression approach to assess interdependence among countries. Two types of phenomena are simulated. The rst one is a one time shock that hit these economies. Our simulations use a large shock of-2.5 standard deviations, a gure very similar to what we saw back in the 2008 crises. The second experiment simulate the eect of a hypothetical downturn of the aforementioned economies. Our results suggest that the United States play the role of a global economy aecting countries across the globe whereas Germany and China play a regional role.

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