carcinoma of breast, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. [1] In India, breast carcinoma is the second most common malignant neoplasm (next to cervical cancer) in females, comprising 22.2% of all new cancer diagnoses and 17.2% of all cancer deaths. [2] The management of breast disease needs a deliberate, synchronized diagnostic and treatment strategy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important diagnostic tool for the preoperative diagnosis of palpable and non-palpable breast lesions. The procedure has advantages in that it provides rapid and accurate diagnosis and serves a cost-effective tool for the treatment of breast masses. [3] It differentiates cysts from a solid tumor and can be used as a therapeutic procedure when a cyst is encountered. Whenever a malignancy is diagnosed, Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been established as a highly accurate diagnostic technique over the past few decades. It is a rapid, reliable, and safe initial diagnostic tool used for both non-neoplastic and neoplastic breast lesions. Objectives: To study the cytomorphological patterns of various breast lesions diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration cytology. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 100 patients who presented with palpable lumps in breast in the
Proximate cues for animal dispersal are complex and varied. Multiple cues may provide information about different aspects of habitat quality, and these aspects may interact with each other, as well as with population density in different ways. We examined how individuals incorporate multiple cues in their decisions to emigrate and immigrate in the colonial orb‐weaving spider, Cyrtophora citricola. We manipulated maternal feeding as a cue for prey abundance and measured the size of the maternal web, which provides a limited space for philopatric offspring and a second potential dispersal cue. In addition, we recorded all immigration events to determine dispersal distances and the cues juveniles may use in settlement. Dispersal increased when mothers were poorly fed, web sizes were small and clutch sizes were large. In addition to these overall effects, maternal feeding also interacted with web size, indicating that offspring from well‐fed mothers were more tolerant of high sibling densities. We also detected a threshold for the effect of clutch size on dispersal for the first egg sac: below 20 offspring, there was no effect of clutch size, but dispersal increased with clutch size for larger clutches. Dispersal distances were often short, and immigrants preferred sheltered trees and those occupied by adult females. Dispersal not only depended on multiple cues, but these cues interacted, and the importance of web size suggested that saturation of the natal web might force dispersal, at least for spiders with poorly‐fed mothers. How one aspect of habitat quality influences dispersal can therefore depend on the state of other aspects of habitat quality. In particular, some natal resources, such as a nest or territory, may become saturated and limit group size, but this limit will also depend on other factors, such as prey availability.
Aim: Positive relationships between island size and species richness have been found for oceanic and non-oceanic islands. However, the effect of isolation, also predicted by island-biogeographical theory, seems challenging to test. Species-specific mechanisms drive the perception of distance and space for animals, and therefore isolation patterns are masked when described at the community level. We used epiphytic plants (canopy islands) and their spider communities to study how functional group and species-specific use of space modifies the effect of island-level predictors on species richness.Location: A coffee plantation near Xalapa, Mexico.Taxon: Spiders (Araneae), vascular epiphytes (Bromeliaceae, Piperaceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae, Pteridophyta). Methods:We collected canopy islands from three trees and recorded their three-dimensional position. Afterwards, we collected all epiphyte-dwelling spiders. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to analyse the effect of island size and isolation on the species richness of spider communities and community subgroups (guilds, mobility groups and families). Isolation was calculated using two metrics (aerial and walking distances) associated with different ways of mobility in the canopy (bridging and wandering respectively). We evaluated species-level associations with island features and tested for sample-size effects on GLMs using null-model analysis of ecological networks.Results: Although unimportant at the community level, isolation was more important than island size for some spider subgroups, while having negligible effects for others. Speciesspecific responses to isolation and island size were responsible for the variability in species richness patterns observed for broader subgroups (families, guilds and mobility groups).Specific responses of mobility groups to isolation metrics were in line with two ways of moving between islands; one using tree branches as pathways (walking isolation) and the other using silk threads to connect points directly across the air (aerial isolation). Main conclusions:Spatial patterns of epiphyte-dwelling spiders were explained better when functional traits were considered, and the effect of isolation became This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. is interested in functional biogeography of spiders living in plant microhabitats. He is interested in behavioural and physiological traits driving the perception of distance and isolation. Glenda Mendieta-Leiva studies ecological and biogeographical aspects of epiphyte biology. Dinesh Rao works with behavioural ecology of spiders and is interested in the ecological drivers of their spatial distribution. Maaike Y. Bader studies ecological and ecophysiological mechanisms determining the spatial distribution of plants, in particular epiphytes, bryophytes and trees near alpine tree...
Ambush predators depend on cryptic body colouration, stillness and a suitable hunting location to optimise the probability of prey capture. Detection of cryptic predators, such as crab spiders, by flower seeking wasps may also be hindered by wind induced movement of the flowers themselves. In a beach dune habitat, Microbembex nigrifrons wasps approaching flowerheads of the Palafoxia lindenii plant need to evaluate the flowers to avoid spider attack. Wasps may detect spiders through colour and movement cues. We tracked the flight trajectories of dune wasps as they approached occupied and unoccupied flowers under two movement conditions; when the flowers were still or moving. We simulated the appearance of the spider and the flower using psychophysical visual modelling techniques and related it to the decisions made by the wasp to land or avoid the flower. Wasps could discriminate spiders only at a very close range, and this was reflected in the shape of their trajectories. Wasps were more prone to making errors in threat assessment when the flowers are moving. Our results suggest that dune wasp predation risk is augmented by abiotic conditions such as wind and compromises their early detection capabilities.
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