Collaborative care can be successfully adapted for primary care clinics without on-site psychiatrists using telemedicine technologies.

Two prominent approaches for self-stigma reduction emerged from our review: one, interventions that attempt to alter the stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes of the individual; and two, interventions that enhance skills for coping with self-stigma through improvements in self-esteem, empowerment, and help-seeking behavior. The second approach seems to have gained traction among stigma experts. Targeting high-risk groups to preempt self-stigma appears to be a promising area for future research.

People with serious mental illness have higher rates of mortality and morbidity due to physical illness. In part, this occurs because primary care and other health providers sometimes make decisions contrary to typical care standards. This might occur because providers endorse mental illness stigma, which seems inversely related to prior personal experience with mental illness and mental health care. In this study, 166 health care providers (42.2% primary care, 57.8% mental health practice) from the Veteran's Affairs (VA) medical system completed measures of stigma characteristics, expected adherence, and subsequent health decisions (referral to a specialist and refill pain prescription) about a male patient with schizophrenia who was seeking help for low back pain due to arthritis. Research participants reported comfort with previous mental health interventions. Path analyses showed participants who endorsed stigmatizing characteristics of the patient were more likely to believe he would not adhere to treatment and hence, less likely to refer to a specialist or refill his prescription. Endorsement of stigmatizing characteristics was inversely related to comfort with one's previous mental health care. Implications of these findings will inform a program meant to enhance VA provider attitudes about people with mental illness, as well as their health decisions.

Awareness of public stereotypes impacts help seeking at least early in the course of illness. Peer-based outreach and therapy groups may help veterans engage in treatment early and resist stigma.

Objective Practice Based Collaborative Care is a complex evidence-based practice that is difficult to implement in smaller primary care practices lacking on-site mental health staff. Telemedicine Based Collaborative Care virtually co-locates and integrates mental health providers into primary care settings. The objective of this multi-site randomized pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial was to compare the outcomes of patients randomized to Practice Based versus Telemedicine Based Collaborative Care. Method From 2007–2009, patients at Federally Qualified Health Centers serving medically underserved populations were screened for depression, and 364 patients screening positive were enrolled and followed for 18 months. Those randomized to Practice Based Collaborative Care received evidence-based care from an on-site primary care provider and nurse care manager. Those randomized to Telemedicine Based Collaborative Care received evidence-based care from an on-site primary care provider and off-site telephone nurse care manager, telephone pharmacist, tele-psychologist and tele-psychiatrist. The primary clinical outcomes were treatment response, remission and changes in depression severity Results There were significant group main effects for both response (OR=7.74, CI95=3.94–15.20, p<0.0001) and remission (OR=12.69, CI95=4.81–33.46, p<0.0001) and a significant overall group by time interaction effect for Hopkins Symptom Checklist depression severity (χ23=40.51, p<0.0001) with greater reductions in depression severity observed over time for those randomized to Telemedicine Based Collaborative Care. Improvements in outcomes appeared to be attributable to higher fidelity to the collaborative care evidence-base in the Telemedicine Based group. Conclusions Contracting with an off-site Telemedicine Based Collaborative Care team yields better outcomes than implementing Practice Based Collaborative Care with locally available staff.

The DRS-R-98, a 16-item clinician-rated scale with 13 severity items and 3 diagnostic items, was validated against the Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI), and Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) among five diagnostic groups (N=68): delirium, dementia, depression, schizophrenia, and other. Mean and median DRS-R-98 scores significantly (P<0.001) distinguished delirium from each other group. DRS-R-98 total scores correlated highly with DRS, CTD, and CGI scores. Interrater reliability and internal consistency were very high. Cutoff scores for delirium are recommended based on ROC analyses (sensitivity and specificity ranges: total, 91%-100% and 85%-100%; severity, 86%-100% and 77%-93%, respectively, depending on the cutoffs or comparison groups chosen). The DRS-R-98 is a valid measure of delirium severity over a broad range of symptoms and is a useful diagnostic and assessment tool. The DRS-R-98 is ideal for longitudinal studies.

The present study was carried out for detection and molecular characterization of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) associated with hydropericardium syndrome or inclusion body hepatitis in commercial broiler chickens. The FAdVs were detected in liver samples from 33 commercial broiler chicken flocks by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using hexon gene specific primers. The restriction enzyme analysis using StyI, BsiWI, MluI, AspI, BglI and ScaI enzymes of all the 33 FAdV-positive samples revealed FAdV-4 in 10 samples, FAdV-8 in five samples, FAdV-2 and FAdV-12 in two samples each, and FAdV-5 and FAdV-6 in one sample each. Twelve samples revealed the digestion pattern for more than one serotypes with FAdV-8 and FAdV-5, FAdV-8 and FAdV-7, FAdV-8 and FAdV-6, FAdV-8 and FAdV-12 being the predominant combinations indicating mixed infection. The serotypes FAdV-2 and FAdV-5 have not been detected previously in the country. The purified PCR products of FAdVs of four samples (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3 and HR 4) were cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FAdVs of all four samples clustered in separate groups consistent with the REA pattern. In conclusion, this study reveals the presence of FAdV-2, FAdV-4, in broiler chickens affected with hydropericardium syndrome or inclusion body hepatitis in India.

Primary care providers had significantly more negative attitudes toward the vignette patient with schizophrenia compared with the patient without schizophrenia on 2 of 3 attitude measures (stereotyping and attribution of mental illness); however, this difference was not observed for mental health providers on the 2 measures. Conclusions and Implication for Practice: Primary care providers' negative attitudes toward individuals with schizophrenia represent a potential target for interventions to reduce disparities in care for individuals with schizophrenia.