The treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been challenging, despite the rapid development of several novel treatment approaches. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the major issues in the treatment of CNS diseases, having major role in the protection of the brain but simultaneously constituting the main limiting hurdle for drugs targeting the brain. Nasal drug delivery has gained significant interest for brain targeting over the past decades, wherein the drug is directly delivered to the brain by the trigeminal and olfactory pathway. Various novel and promising formulation approaches have been explored for drug targeting to the brain by nasal administration. Nanoemulsions have the potential to avoid problems, including low solubility, poor bioavailability, slow onset of action, and enzymatic degradation. The present review highlights research scenarios of nanoemulsions for nose-to-brain delivery for the management of CNS ailments classified on the basis of brain disorders and further identifies the areas that remain unexplored. The significance of the total dose delivered to the target region, biodistribution studies, and long-term toxicity studies have been identified as the key areas of future research.
Our report represents a comprehensive review on the antibacterial activity of inorganic nanomaterials and antimicrobial peptides, and how concomitant use of the two can effectively tackle a range of bacterial infections which is a rapidly escalating issues in public health care worldwide. We believe this is of particular current interest with regard to "antimicrobial resistance" being declared one of the top-10 global health threats in 2019 by the WHO.In this group of authors, we have teamed up within the NordForsk-funded university hub Nordic POP (Patient Oriented Products), which we wish to showcase with this contribution. We are currenlty carrying out joint research supported by this network within the topic of the review, so we view this a valuable contribution also within the dissemination of Nordic POP activities.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, was developed
originally for engineering applications. Since its early advancements, there has been a relentless
development in enthusiasm for this innovation in biomedical research. It allows for the fabrication
of structures with both complex geometries and heterogeneous material properties. Tissue engineering
using 3D bio-printers can overcome the limitations of traditional tissue engineering methods. It
can match the complexity and cellular microenvironment of human organs and tissues, which
drives much of the interest in this technique. However, most of the preliminary evaluations of 3Dprinted
tissues and organ engineering, including cardiac tissue, relies extensively on the lessons
learned from traditional tissue engineering. In many early examples, the final printed structures
were found to be no better than tissues developed using traditional tissue engineering methods. This
highlights the fact that 3D bio-printing of human tissue is still very much in its infancy and more
work needs to be done to realise its full potential. This can be achieved through interdisciplinary
collaboration between engineers, biomaterial scientists and molecular cell biologists. This review
highlights current advancements and future prospects for 3D bio-printing in engineering ex vivo
cardiac tissue and associated vasculature, such as coronary arteries. In this context, the role of biomaterials
for hydrogel matrices and choice of cells are discussed. 3D bio-printing has the potential
to advance current research significantly and support the development of novel therapeutics which
can improve the therapeutic outcomes of patients suffering fatal cardiovascular pathologies.
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