e incubados a 27 ± 0,5ºC por nove dias, para iniciar a emergência dos adultos, e mais quatro dias à temperatura ambiente. A sobrevivência total do inseto foi substancialmente afetada. Observou-se a atividade patogênica a partir da fase pupal, com o fungo reduzindo (P < 0,05) a sobrevivência, o que também ocorreu na fase de adultos. A fase larval não foi afetada (P >0,05) pelo fungo. A presença de agrotóxicos no solo teve discreta ação na atividade de M. anisopliae; apenas com conídios secos incorporados, os fungicidas clorotalonil e tebuconazole reduziram em 86,2% e 82,5%, respectivamente, a sobrevivência total de C. capitata, enquanto no controle a redução foi de 95,0%. A forma de aplicação dos conídios não influenciou a sobrevivência total do inseto, mas a aplicação da suspensão de conídios na superfície do solo reduziu a sobrevivência nas fases de pupa e adulto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Controle biológico, controle microbiano, fungo entomopatogênico, mosca-.....das-frutas ABSTRACT -This research intended to investigate if the presence of pesticides in the soil could affect the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch. (Sorokin) for Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and assess the effect of conidia application as suspension or dry conidia. The fungicides chlorothalonyl and tebuconazol, the acaricide abamectin, the insecticide trichlorfon, and the herbicide ametrin were applied at the manufacturer-recommended doses. Soil samples were placed in glass flasks and were given the fungus as conidial suspension or dry. After pesticide application, 20 3 rd -instar larvae were placed in the soil. The flasks were sealed with voile fabric and incubated at 27 ± 0.5 o C for nine days, until adult emergence; incubation continued for four more days at room temperature. The total insect survival was significantly affected and pathogenic activity was detected from the pupa stage on. Pupa survival was reduced (P<0.05); the same occurred during the adult phase. No effect was observed at the larval stage. The pesticides applied to the soil affected the activity of M. anisopliae slightly: only in the dry conidia assay the fungicides chlorothalonyl and tebuconazole reduced (86.2% and 82.5%, respectively) the survival period of C. capitata compared to the control (95.0%). The techniques used for conidia application did not influence the total insect survival rate, but conidial suspension applied on soil surface reduced survival during the pupae and adult phases.

Neotropical Entomology 34(6): 961-971 (2005) Ação de Pesticidas em Metarhizium anisopliae no Solo RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou analisar a ação de alguns acaricidas, fungicidas, inseticidas e herbicidas contendo diferentes princípios ativos, sobre Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch. (Sorokin), inoculado em solo autoclavado. A ação dos pesticidas foi analisada por meio da atividade respiratória do fungo. A primeira avaliação foi realizada 48h após a inoculação, em seguida foram adicionados os pesticidas e a atividade respiratória avaliada por nove vezes a cada 48h e mais cinco vezes a cada quatro dias. Com exceção dos fungicidas, não se observou efeito significativo (P > 0,05) (Sorokin) inoculated into autoclaved soil. The action of the pesticides was evaluated based on the fungal respiratory activity. The first assessment was done at 48h after inoculation. The pesticides were then added and respiratory activity was determined nine times every 48h and an additional five times every 4 days. Except for the fungicides, no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the pesticides on M. anisopliae was observed. A reduction in CO 2 production was observed for the mancozeb treatment from day 4 to day 6 of incubation, and for tebuconazol between days 4 and 6, 8 and 10, and 32 and 36. The same was observed for copper oxychloride between days 10 and 12 and 32 and 36, and for chlorothalonyl between 8 and 10, 10 and 12, and 32 and 36 days of incubation. Identical effect occurred for the acaricides abamectin and fenbutatin oxide, with a reduction in CO 2 production between 20 and 24 days of incubation. The herbicides glyphosate, trifluralin and ametrin reduced the respiratory activity of the fungus between days 10 and 12, while the insecticide trichlorfon reduced respiratory activity only from 32 to 40 days of incubation. The results indicate that the toxic action of pesticides on the fungus in soil is small, suggesting that this pest control bioagent can be used in combination with pesticides without compromising its activity.

No abstract

This work aimed at investigatimg whether the culture medium used in viability tests

The present study assessed the pathogenic effect of isolates E9, IBCB425 and IBCB159 of the Metarhizium anisopliae fungus, JAB06, JAB07 and AM09 of Beauveria bassiana, IBCB133 and CB75 of Isaria fumosorosea (=Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) and CG189 and CG195 of Isaria farinosa (=Paecilomyces farinosus) against eggs and larvae of the horn fly Haematobia irritans. Eggs were inoculated with suspensions containing 10(6), 10(7) and 10(8)conidiaml(-1) of the fungal isolates and observed after 48h to determine viability. In the larvae study, eggs were allowed to hatch into fresh bovine feces that had been treated with 10(8), 10(7) or 10(6)conidiamgfeces(-1). In both studies, 5 days after initial procedures, all formed pupae were transferred to an incubator at 27+/-0.5 degrees C until the emergence of the adult flies was complete. The M. anisopliae isolates did not cause the death of H. irritans eggs, but they did promote the death of larvae that hatched from treated eggs, and therefore increased the total mortality. Isolate E9 promoted 100% mortality of treated larvae at a concentration of 10(8)conidiaml(-1). For the B. bassiana isolates, no activity was observed against insect eggs or larvae. Both I. fumosorosea isolates promoted significant mortality (p<0.05) of eggs at every concentration of conidia. Isolate CG195 of I. farinosa increased the mortality of larvae and pupae that hatched from treated eggs and promoted significant total mortality (p<0.05) of the insect at every concentration of conidia.

The efficacy of M. anisopliae strain E9 as a biological insecticide for the adult and larval stages of H. irritans was assessed under field conditions. To assess larvicidal activity, nine heifers were randomly divided into three groups, which were maintained separated from each other. The first group ingested fungal spores encapsulated in alginate pellets. The second group ingested in natura spores that were grown on sterilized rice. In both groups, each animal received three meals a day, with each meal containing 2 x 10(10)conidia. The third group received no treatment and was used as a control. Fecal samples from manure and whole dung pats were collected from each of the three separate pastures on the day that the animals were allocated and on days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 afterwards. The fecal samples were tested for the presence of fungal colony forming units (CFU), and the emergence of horn flies was observed in the dung pats. Significantly less (P<0.01) adult horn flies were found in dung pats of the group treated with encapsulated fungi (11.7) than in those from the heifers treated with conidia in natura (27.9) or from the control group (29.5). The fecal samples of the treated animals presented significantly higher numbers of M. anisopliae CFUs then those from the untreated controls. We found that on day 9 fecal samples from animals given microencapsulated conidia had significantly higher CFUs than those from animals treated with conidia in natura. To assess adulticide activity, four heifers were sprayed with a suspension of 3 x 10(10)conidial(-1) of M. anisopliae, and four control animals were sprayed with the same solution without conidial content. Four sprayings were done at five-day intervals, and all animals were photographed daily to observe the quantity of flies present. After the second spraying, we observed an average of 22.9 flies per animal; untreated heifers had an average of 43 flies per animal; thus, the treatment significantly (P<0.05) decreases fly infestation. The results obtained from both tests show that M. anisopliae strain E9 has a pathogenic effect on H. irritans larvae in bovine manure when administered orally and on adult fly infestations when applied as a spray on the hosts.

No abstract

RESUMOLecanicillium lecanii é um fungo promissor no controle biológico de pragas e para sua utilização em campo é necessária a produção de conídios em grande quantidade. Este trabalho objetivou selecionar meios de cultura líquidos feitos com resíduos ou subprodutos agroindustriais e meios sólidos pela mistura de grãos e derivados, visando à produção dos isolados JAB 02 e JAB 45 do fungo. Como substratos líquidos utilizaram-se, em diferentes concentrações, água do cozimento do arroz e da prensa da mandioca, soro de queijo, milhocina ® , melaço, vinhaça e leite de levedura da indústria da cana, avaliando-se a esporulação e biomassa. Como substratos sólidos, combinaram-se, em diferentes proporções, trigo grosso, farelos de trigo e de soja com quirela de milho, lentilha e sorgo para JAB 02, e com painço, trigo em grão e lentilha para JAB 45, avaliando-se a produção e viabilidade de conídios. O meio contendo 4% de milhocina ® favoreceu a produção de ambos os isolados. Para JAB 02, proporcionaram melhores resultados os meios com 85% de água da prensa da mandioca, 5,5% de melaço e 100% de soro de queijo, além de misturas entre trigo grosso e farelo de trigo com lentilha (70:30%) e trigo grosso e farelo de trigo com sorgo (85:15%). Os meios com 100% da água da prensa da mandioca e 85% de soro de queijo, e as misturas entre farelo de trigo e painço (85:15%), trigo grosso e lentilha (55:45%) e farelo de trigo com trigo em grão e com lentilha (70:30%) favoreceram a produção de JAB 45.Palavras-chave: controle biológico, produção massal, substratos líquidos, substratos sólidos.