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This study examines the legacies of large-scale armed conflict on emancipative value preferences from 1946 to 2012. The multilevel analysis indicates that people living in countries with past armed conflict are more likely to endorse less emancipative value preferences. The higher the intensity and the longer the duration of the armed conflict episodes experienced in a country, the greater the impact on values. Our evidence further suggests that the mechanism through which armed conflict shapes values is by diminishing/destructing the material, intellectual, and connective resources available to a society. These findings show that armed conflict legacies are bleaker than previous studies on individual exposure to violence have suggested. Large-scale violence diminishes people’s ability and motivation to pursue a life free from domination, potentially eroding the basis of generalized tolerance and cooperation.

In Belgium, since the first instances of girls wearing headscarves in schools in 1989, the public discussion on the place of Islam and Muslims in Belgian society has been almost constant. That debate has become more polarized in the wake of the attacks of 22 March 2016. The results presented in this paper are drawn from sixteen group discussions and twenty individual semistructured interviews. We investigate the weight of discrimination processes on identity formation in the light of both reactive religiosity and individualization and secularization theoretical frameworks. Our data show that strongly identifying as Muslim is not experienced as being exclusive of other types of identifications claimed simultaneously. Then, we illustrate the processes of reflexivity, appropriation, and individualization of belief, as well as the negotiation or even circumvention of certain religious norms that are ongoing among Brussels' Muslim youth.