Textile and apparel industry contributes to 27% of industrial sector in Sri Lanka. This sector contributes to earn the largest export income for Sri Lanka during the last two decades. There are different types of textile and apparel producers such as knitted apparel manufactures, woven apparel manufactures, weaving operators, fabric producers, washing and dyeing operators etc. With the increasing share of contribution to the national economy the level of industrial pollution has also recorded a significant level of increases. Specially, wash garments and dyeing garments have contributed to significant level of water pollution in any country. Solutions are provided either in terms of mandatory regulations or voluntary measures. Some of the leading textile and apparel manufactures in Sri Lanka practice voluntary environmental mechanisms to protect the environment.This study examines different voluntary environmental management practices among textile and apparel manufactures in Sri Lanka. Case study approach is used to achieve study objectives. Ten cases were selected from the list of registered apparel manufactures at the Board of Investment in Sri Lanka. Ten factories represent both ISO 14001 certified factories and non-certified factories. They were randomly selected from the list, which is after identifying certified and non certified companies separately. Data were collected based on indepth interviews using a structured questionnaire. Each factory is considered as a separate facility as unit of analysis. Interviews are conducted with senior level manager who is familiar with production process and compliances in the factory. Data were presented using graphs, tables and charts. Study found some common environmental systems in the factories which have ISO 14001. The most common practices are waste management systems, water recycling, energy use monitoring, and establishment of environmental management systems at the factory. In additionally, the study also examined the reasons for adopting such environmental management systems by the producers. Accordingly, buyers' pressure and owners' pressure are found to be the main factors for this adoption decision.
Commercialization of agricultural sector through diversification into
Divergence in the actual practices and policy goals often leads to ineffective policy implementation. Shedding light on this issue, this study intends to enrich the debate on the adaptation to climate change, which includes farm-level adaptation practices in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka and enabled policies. The study involved analysing the farm level adaptation practices and the factors influencing actual adaptation practices adopted by employing a Multinomial Logit Model. The study used primary data collected from Sri Lanka Environmental and Agricultural Decision-Making Survey. The impact of perception of climate change on adaptation techniques was measured by developing an index on Climate Change Perception. The index was generated as a composite of multiple statements related to climate change by utilising Multiple Correspondence Analysis. The results revealed that cultivating other field crops and short duration seed varieties increased with climate change awareness. Further income, education, age, cost, and irrigation scheme affect choosing the adaptation practices. A comparison of climate change adaptation practices adopted by farmers with the program goals shows a mismatch between farmers’ perceptions and the adaptation practices promoted by the government. This study proposes to consider the grassroots level scenario before developing policies and that programs have to be developed and implemented based on adaptation practices preferred at the ground level.
There is growing interest and efforts by the governments of South Asian countries to improve the competitiveness of domestic edible oil production with the objective of substituting for imports. This study evaluates and compares the comparative advantage and social profitability of the production of edible oils in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach. The data required for this analysis were obtained from the Input-Output (I-O) table of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database (Version 10). Edible oils include animal fats, vegetable oils, margarine, and oil cake. Plant and animal sources, extraction, wearing, and electronic manufactures were treated as tradable inputs, while labor and capital were treated as nontradable inputs. Results revealed that edible oils output is highly protected in Bangladesh while the inputs are highly protected in Pakistan. Production of edible oils, is a socially profitable activity in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and they have a comparative advantage which is attributed to the low cost of non-tradable inputs. Conversely, edible oil production is not socially profitable in Bangladesh and the social cost of nontradable inputs is higher than those of other inputs. It shows that Bangladesh does not have a comparative advantage in edible oil production. Inputs extracted from plant sources are highly taxed in Pakistan, and hence its comparative advantage is not revealed in export statistics. It is recommended that distortions in edible oil industry be removed to realize its comparative advantage.
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