Normative dataset for exophthalmometry results of the Turkish population is established to be used in clinical practice and research. Only 13% to 20% of change in Hertel values was detected to be determined by age, IPD and Hertel base values.

The randomly selected control subjects consisted of 66 age matched patients with no retinal vein obstruction and no refraction default. Axial lengths were measured by the same person using the same technique.In patients with retinal vein occlusion the axial length of the affected eyes were compared with the other healthy unaffected eyes, and also with the control eyes. Statistical analyses were performed by paired t and Student's t tests.Statistical significance was considered as p<0.05. The means were given with their standard error (SEM) and difference between the two means were compared within the 95% confidence interval. ResultsOf the 17 patients with CRVO, 1 1 were women and six were men. Their ages ranged between 55 and 73 years with a mean of 63.87 (SEM

The authors recommend avoiding the thin rectangular portion located in the inter-fissural area adjacent to the superior orbital fissure. A high intersubject variability underscores the need for individualized preoperative analysis by imaging studies.

Vascular involvement is a well known manifestation of Behçet's disease (BD) and may effect systemic and regional circulation in patients with BD. We evaluated ophthalmic and central retinal artery flow velocities in these patients. Mean ophthalmic and central retinal artery flow velocities were lower in patients with BD than in healthy controls, but the cause and significance of these findings remain to be defined.

Twenty patients with primary open angle glaucoma who have been treated with identical antiglaucoma eye drops in both eyes were examined. Silicone punctal plugs were used to occlude the inferior punctum of one eye, in order to block the nasolacrimal canal. The intraocular pressures and effects of the medical therapy before and after punctal occlusion were compared. Punctal occlusion significantly decreased the intraocular pressure with an average of 2.00 +/- 0.43 mmHg in the plugged eyes (p < 0.001). The intraocular pressure in the unplugged control eyes did not change significantly (p > 0.05) after punctal occlusion of the fellow treated eye.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: Cyclosporine-A (CSA) combined with corticosteroid therapy was administered to 12 patients with severe Behçet's uveitis who were resistant to colchicine or cytotoxic therapy. Methods: Previous colchicine or cytotoxic therapies were tapered off one month before CSA therapy. All patients were started on an initial oral dose of 5 mg/ kg/day of CSA. After the first three months, the CSA dose was reduced to a maintenance dose according to the intraocular inflammatory response. Results: The average follow-up period was 20 (12-36) months. Visual acuity remained the same in 12 (%54.5) and improved in 8 (%36.4) eyes. There was a decrease in the frequency (p∞0.01) and severity (p∞0.01) of ocular attacks and in the maintenance steroid dose (p∞0.01) when compared with conventional therapy. The frequent side effects were paraesthesia-hyperesthesia, fatigue, nausea, hirsutism and dose-related nephrotoxicity in one patient. Conclusion:The results of the study suggest that low dose CSA combined with low dose corticosteroid may be an effective therapeutic alternative in the treatment of severe refractory Behçet's uveitis.

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Purpose. To compare the contrast sensitivity levels of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients without obvious optic neuropathy with those of healthy people. Methods. Forty eyes of 20 TAO patients without dysthyroid optic neuropathy and 40 eyes of 20 healthy subjects were evaluated in this prospective case-controlled study. The contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) of all subjects were measured by the functional acuity contrast test (FACT) in five frequencies which were 1,5 cpd (A), 3 cpd (B), 6 cpd (C), 12 cpd (D), and 18 cpd (E). Results were compared for both groups, and a correlation of CSF with Hertel and clinical activity scores was assessed. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between TAO patients and control groups for age and sex. TAO patients had lower levels than the control group in all the frequencies of CSFs (P < 0.05) and the difference in contrast sensitivity functions between the groups seems to be more significant in higher frequencies (B, C, D, and E) (P < 0.001). Conclusions. TAO patients without DON can have contrast sensitivity loss and this would probably imply subtle optic nerve dysfunction in early disease phase.