Oleaster flours (OFs) were produced from two different genotypes (G1 and G2) by two different methods (oleaster mesocarp flour: OMF and oleaster mesocarp flour with pericarp: OMFP). In this study, OFs were used to replace wheat flour in the cookie formulation (control) at the levels of 5,10,15,20 and 25% (w/w). OFs supplementation increased total dietary fiber (TDF) contents and decreased caloric contents of cookies compared to the control. Spread ratio (SR) values of cookies with OFs increased. Cookies with OFs were found to be larger in diameter than control cookies. Increasing of OMF and OMFP levels in the cookies led to darker appearance of the cookies than the control. In general, hardness tends to increase as the level of OMFs and OMFPs increased in the cookies. According to sensory analysis, overall acceptance of cookies were found the best at control sample. However, panelists liked all cookies with OFs moderately or slightly. Especially, the usage of 5% for OMFs and OMFPs in cookie formulation gave satisfactory results in terms of acceptability. The present study demonstrated that considerable nutritive and functional improvement could be attained by the addition of OFs to cookie formulation.

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This research is conducted in order to investigate the relationship between self-leadership skills of health employees and job performance and institutional performance. Methods: The study was carried out in accredited and non-accredited two hospitals in Ankara. The survey prepared within the scope of the research was applied to health employees. A total of 332 (109 from accredited 223 from non-accredited) valid questionnaires were obtained from the survey conducted based on the total number of personnel of the hospitals. Results: When the self-leadership levels of the two institutions are analyzed in general, the self-leadership levels of the employees in the accredited institution (4.160) were found to be higher than the self-leadership levels of the employees in the non-accredited institution (3.830). Three different hypotheses were tested in the model. According to the findings obtained from the study, three hypotheses were accepted. Conclusion: When all the study findings were evaluated as a whole; employees' self-leadership skills are important in achieving institutional performance goals such as patient safety, efficiency and productivity in complex health institutions. Therefore, encouraging employees in this field and supporting them with the necessary training can be considered as an important parameter in reaching the objectives of the institution.

Background/aim: SARS-CoV-2 disease was announced as a pandemic by The World Health Organization in on early 2020. It is still threatening the world population. Here, we aimed to produce hyperimmune sera that contain immunoglobulin G and F(ab')2 fragments sourced from horse antibodies as an urgent response to the pandemic.Materials and methods: SARS-CoV-2 was produced and inactivated with three different methods [formaldehyde (FA), formaldehyde, and binary ethylene amine (FA+BEI), and heat treatment]. After invitro in vitro inactivation control, immunogens were mixed with Freund's adjuvant, thereafter horses (n: 2 for FA, 4 for FA + BEI, 2 for Heat inactivation) and New Zealand rabbits (n: 6 for FA, 6 for FA + BEI, 6 for Heat inactivation) were immunized four times. Neutralizing antibody levels of the sera were measured at the 4 th , 6 th , and 8 th weeks. When the antibodies were detected at the peak level, plasma was collected from horses and hyperimmune sera procured after the purification process.Results: Horses and rabbits produced highly neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 in FA and FA + BEI inactivation groups, foreign proteins were removed effectively after purification. Conclusion:This study presents a profitable practice to develop horse-specific antisera against SARS-CoV-2 for emergency and low-cost response. In further studies, new purification methods can be used to increase the efficiency of the final product.

Boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) is derived from dehydration of boric acid and is a colorless, semitransparent, crystalline compound that is moderately soluble in water. On the other hand, boron oxide is chemically hygroscopic. This gives the molecule the ability to soak up water and adhere to tissues. Boron oxide can be used locally after tumor debulking in inoperable tumors and especially when the tumor-free margin distance cannot be provided. For all these reasons we aimed to evaluate the in vitro test results of B 2 O 3 in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrotic effects on L929 fibroblast cells and DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Our studies demonstrated that boron oxide compounds appear to be highly cytotoxic for both cell lines according to WST cell viability assay (44.22% and 18.36% on DLD-1 and L929, respectively). Although no genotoxic effects were observed, boron oxide compounds showed antiproliferative effects for both cell lines. The prepared boron oxide compounds may hold the potential to be applied locally to the remaining tissue after surgery and further research and evaluation will be needed to determine its effectiveness.