Aim to compare anulom vilom pranayama (AVP), kapal bhati pranayama (KBP), diaphragmatic breathing exercises (DBE), and pursed-lip breathing (PLB) for breath holding time (BHT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Methods- Participants were assessed for BHT and RPE, before training on any one intervention using online platforms, for one week during lockdown from COVID-19.15 participants in each group total N = 60 at- (α – 0.05), (1- β – 0.90) & (effect size - 0.55); were analysed. Results - AVP & DBE decreased RPE (p < 0.000). KBP & PLB did not decrease RPE as compared to AVP & DBE (p. > 0.05). DBE increased BHT more than KBP & PLB interventions (p < 0.05), but not more than AVP (p > 0.05). One-way ANOVA of four interventions revealed significant variation for RPE change (p < 0.05), for AVP. Conclusions - AVP reduces RPE maximally during breath-holding, whereas DPE increases BHT more.

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The rapid spread of Covid-19 has affected the political, social, and economic sectors, which inevitably will also affect the environmental component. This contagious virus led the worldwide countries to make securities measures such as lockdown to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and protect human health. In contrast to the negative impacts of this virus on the economy, it has influenced the environment positively. As reported by station and program for monitoring the Earth, the air quality has improved after the lockdown. The present study compares the air level pollution one year before and during the spread of Coronavirus in China. Accordingly, we investigate the change of the concentrations of three air pollutants, namely, O3, NO2, and black carbon. The study of the measured parameter between December 2019 and March 2020 exhibit an apparent decrease in their concentrations because of the imposing lockdown of cities and restriction on chemical industries and factories.

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The effect of multilayer, 2-D photonic band gap substrate on the performance of rectangular microstrip patch antenna at THz frequency is simulated. The radiation efficiency, gain and directivity for the proposed antennas are 93.28%, 10.46 dB and 10.76 dBi, respectively at 875 GHz. The 10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 36.67%, which is ultra-wide bandwidth. The simulation has been performed by commercially available CST Microwave Studio simulator, which is based on the finite difference time domain technique (FDTD).

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