Floristic differentiation and vegetation definition is an important step to recognize biome distribution and for biodiversity conservation. Here, we aim to verify if the distribution of the costal lowland vegetation in Brazilian littoral is congruent with climatic gradient and the previous vegetation definitions. Additionally we discussed the importance of terms for the Atlantic Forest conservation. Our study was based on floristic and geoclimatic data from 58 published surveys. We generate a checklist of 1088 woody species and verified species distribution according to environmental gradient using a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). We compared DCA's groups with the a priori vegetation definition and generate an a posteriori classification using TWINSPAN. DCA and TWINSPAN resulted in groups determined mainly by rainfall (r = -0.65) and soil sandiness (r = -0.71). Those groups were not congruent with both the previous vegetation definitions. The coastal lowland vegetation comprises two distinctive floristic groups representing forests and scrubs that occur in wetter climates (Ombrophilous lowland forests) in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo and in drier climates of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (Restinga-Northern group) and Rio Grande do Sul (Restinga-Southern group) states. The floristic and historical relationships between Ombrophylous lowland forests and Restingas suggest that conservation initiatives should be more conservative and treat collectively all coastal lowland vegetation as a biodiversity hotspot.
RESUMO -(Florística e estrutura de comunidades vegetais em uma cronoseqüência de Floresta Atlântica no Estado do Paraná, Brasil). Descrevemos a estrutura do estrato arbóreo de três sítios de Floresta Atlântica no litoral do Paraná, objetivando detectar diferenças estruturais gerais e nas populações ao longo do processo sucessional, visando subsidiar futuros planos de recomposição da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira, onde foram escolhidos três sítios, cujos históricos indicavam a ocorrência de corte da vegetação há 20 anos, 80 anos e 120 anos. O sítio com 20 anos apresentou os menores valores de riqueza, diversidade, área basal e volume. O sítio com 80 anos apresentou os maiores valores de densidade e riqueza. No sítio com 120 anos foi observado o maior valor de diversidade, equabilidade e volume. Observaram-se algumas diferenças significativas, em termos de diversidade, área basal e volume entre os sítios em diferentes estádios. Comparações das estruturas de populações de espécies que ocorriam em mais de um sítio não mostraram grandes diferenças. Por outro lado, as características das espécies exclusivas de cada sítio influenciaram nas diferenças observadas nos três sítios. Palavras-chave: sucessão secundária, biodiversidade, floresta tropical, conservaçãoABSTRACT -(Floristics and structure of plant communities along a chronosequence in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Paraná State, Brazil). We describe the tree structure of three Atlantic Forest fragments on the coast of Paraná, in order to detect differences in community structure throughout the succession process and to support future vegetation restoration projects. The study area was the Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira, where three sites were chosen based on length of time since the last manmade disturbance (mostly agriculture and lodging); these were, respectively, 20-, 80-and 120-year-old forests. The 20-year-old forest had the lowest richness, diversity, basal area and volume. The 80-year-old forest had the highest density and richness. The 120-year-old forest had the highest diversity, equitability and volume. Diversity, basal area and volume were significantly different among the three sites. There were no important differences among structures of populations of species shared by the three areas. On the other hand, structural characteristics of exclusive species were important to determine differences among sites.
RESUMO -(Relação entre a presença de vegetação herbácea e a regeneração natural de espécies lenhosas em pastagens abandonadas na Floresta Ombrófi la Densa no Sul do Brasil). A conversão de áreas fl orestais em pastagens constitui uma das atividades que mais degradam a Floresta Ombrófi la Densa. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se áreas de pastagens abandonadas há oito, 14, 48, 50 e 96 meses, em Antonina (Estado do Paraná, 25°19'15'' S e 45°24'24'' W), com o objetivo de verifi car se a presença da cobertura herbácea diminui a regeneração natural das espécies arbóreas. Foram identifi cadas as espécies e avaliada a biomassa de espécies herbáceas (em 24 parcelas de 1 m²) e volume das espécies lenhosas (altura igual ou superior a 1 m; 24 parcelas de 25 m²). Nas cinco áreas estudadas foram amostradas 59 espécies herbáceas (1.062 indivíduos), das quais, a maioria (95%) era exótica (incluindo Brachiaria decumbens e B. humidicola). Para a comunidade de hábito arbustivo-arbóreo, foram amostradas 104 espécies (2.234 indivíduos). Houve signifi cativa modifi cação fl orística e estrutural da vegetação nos primeiros quatro anos após o abandono das pastagens. O desenvolvimento da vegetação lenhosa foi inversamente relacionado à presença de espécies herbáceas, o que sugere que a cobertura vegetal promovida pelas ervas, principalmente B. decumbens, seja um dos fatores que infl uenciam negativamente a regeneração natural. Estes resultados sugerem que práticas de manejo que incluam a remoção ou redução dos efeitos de Brachiaria spp sejam necessárias na restauração de pastagens abandonadas. Palavras-chave: Espécies exóticas, Floresta Atlântica, Restauração ecológica, Sucessão secundária ABSTRACT -(Relationship between herbaceous vegetation and regeneration of woody species in abandoned pastures in the Atlantic Rain Forest in Southern Brazil) -Deforestation and conversion of forests to pasture is one of the most degrading activities impacting the Atlantic Rain Forest. We analyzed pastures abandoned for 8, 14, 48, 50 and 96 months in Antonina (Paraná state; 25°19'15'' S; 45°24'24'' W) to verify if herb cover reduces the natural regeneration of the Atlantic forest. We identifi ed species and assessed shoot biomass of herbaceous species (in 24 1 m² plots), and calculated the volume of all woody species (height ≥ 1m; in 24 25 m² plots). We collected 59 herbaceous species (1,062 individuals) most of which were allochthonous species (95%), including Brachiaria decumbens and B. humidicola. We also sampled 104 woody species (2,234 individuals). There were signifi cant fl oristic and structural changes in the community during the fi rst four years since the pasture was abandoned. Woody vegetation development was negatively related to herb species' biomass, suggesting that grasses (B. decumbens) inhibited forest regeneration. Our results suggested that management, including Brachiaria spp removal, is necessary for the restoration of abandoned pastures in the Atlantic Forest region.
-(Reproductive phenology of plant species of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in Paraná, Brazil). The Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (FOM) or Araucaria Forest, vegetation that occupies regions with a highly seasonal climate subject to frost, used to cover 40% of Paraná State. Nowadays, however, there is less than 1% of advanced and well conserved FOM covering this State. This study presents the reproductive phenological patterns (flowering and fruiting) of the plant species found in FOM fragments located in three municipalities of Paraná State in order to subside restoration activities. Monthly phenological observations in 543 individuals of 145 species, representing several life forms (71 trees, 52 bushes, 18 vines and four epiphytes) were conducted between January 2004 and December 2005 employing the activity index. Flowering was recorded mainly between September and December, with a peak in October and November (68 species), followed by fruiting, which was concentrated between December and April, peaking in February (61 species). During the coldest months (June to August), the number of species with flowers or fruits was very low, with less than five species per phenophase. The availability of araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze) seeds varied between the years, but usually occurred between April and September. Significant correlations between phenophases and some abiotic factors, especially day length and temperature, were found. Therefore, plant species of the FOM proved to be highly seasonal, with periods of high and low flowering and fruiting activity, as consequence of the climatic seasonality, characteristic of the study region.Key words -Araucaria angustifolia, Araucaria forest, flowering, fruiting, seasonal breeding RESUMO -(Fenologia reprodutiva de espécies vegetais da Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Paraná, Brasil). A Floresta OmbrófilaMista (FOM) ou Floresta com Araucária, que ocorre em regiões de clima sazonal, com baixas temperaturas e ocorrência de geadas, cobria 40% do Estado do Paraná. Hoje, resta menos de 1% dessa formação florestal em estádio sucessional avançado e bem conservado. O presente trabalho apresenta os padrões fenológicos reprodutivos (floração e frutificação) das espécies, presentes em fragmentos de FOM localizados em três municípios paranaenses, visando subsidiar ações de restauração. Observações fenológicas mensais em 543 indivíduos de 145 espécies, representando diferentes formas de vida (71 árvores, 52 arbustos, 18 trepadeiras e quatro epífitas), foram realizadas entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2005, utilizando o índice de atividade. A floração ocorreu principalmente nos meses de setembro a dezembro, com pico em outubro e novembro (68 espécies), e a frutificação concentrou-se entre dezembro e abril, com pico de atividade em fevereiro (61 espécies). Nos meses mais frios (junho a agosto), o número de espécies que floresceram e frutificaram foi muito baixo, com menos de cinco espécies por fenofase. A presença de sementes (pinhões) de araucária (Araucaria angustifolia ...
Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.
Este estudo foi realizado em um fragmento com 6 ha sob predomínio de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no município de Tijucas do Sul, PR. Teve como objetivo a confecção de um catálogo de espécies de sub-bosque e avaliação dos impactos de perturbações antrópicas sobre a composição deste estrato florestal. A coleta de material botânico se estendeu de outubro de 2001 a setembro de 2002, com coletas mensais. Em duas parcelas de 100 x 100 m, foram identificadas 89 espécies e 54 gêneros distribuídos em 32 famílias botânicas, sendo 84 espécies para a área A (capoeira lato sensu) e 27 espécies para a área B (floresta). Na capoeira as famílias mais ricas foram Solanaceae, com 16 espécies, Asteraceae (15) e Melastomataceae (14). Na floresta, as famílias mais ricas foram Melastomataceae com seis espécies, Solanaceae (cinco) e Myrtaceae (cinco). O predomínio de espécies das famílias Solanaceae e Asteraceae na capoeira demonstra o caráter pioneiro que essas famílias desempenham na recomposição de florestas antropizadas. A presença da Família Solanaceae na floresta é marcante na composição das trilhas. Tais dados demonstram que para esse fragmento a regeneração está ocorrendo e para que esse processo obtenha sucesso, a área deveria ter o seu acesso restringido.
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