The production of snake antivenoms involves stages such as production of venom, immunization of animals to generate hyperimmune plasma, immunoglobulin purification, viral inactivation (or removal), and stabilization of the formulation. In order to manufacture products of satisfactory effectiveness and safety, antivenom design must be validated by preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, during the industrial production, the quality of the products and of the entire manufacturing process (including management of clean rooms, production of water for injection, and sterilization or sanitization of the equipment) must be strictly evaluated. This chapter presents a practical description of the stages involved in the design, production, and quality control of snake antivenoms.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.