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Brazil has two growing seasons for maize (Zea mays L.) production: summer and winter. The additional maize produced in the winter and the high-yielding opportunities in the summer season make it important to understand responses of maize hybrids to row spacing and plant population across the two annual Brazilian growing seasons. In the 2015 to 2016 summer season and the 2016 winter season, maize response to plant population, ranging from 60,000 to 90,000 plants ha -1 , was evaluated for three hybrids in 0.45-, 0.60-, 0.75-, and 0.90-m row spacing. Plant architecture traits, grain yield and yield components did not differ with row spacing, and their responses to plant population were not affected by hybrid type and/or row spacing. The DKB390PRO2 hybrid (single cross) demonstrated better grain yield performance in the summer, whereas the BG7049YH hybrid (three-way cross) had the highest yield in the winter. Plant and ear height increased linearly in response to plant population in the summer season, whereas other plant architecture traits, ear leaf chlorophyll concentration, and grain yield components decreased linearly with increasing plant populations in both seasons. There was a quadratic response in maize grain yield to plant population, and it was maximized with 78,688 plants ha -1 in the summer, and 71,206 plants ha -1 in the winter. Our results show preliminary evidence that regardless of row spacing, maize grain yield can be maximized with DKB390 hybrid (single cross) with 78,500 plants ha -1 in the summer, and BG7049YH hybrid (three-way) with 71,000 plants ha -1 in the winter season.

Despite the insufficient internal supply of popcorn kernel cultivars, the Brazilian production is continuously increasing. Therefore, searching for tests that offer fast results and reliable information on the physiological potential of the seeds is very important. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of the accelerated aging test, by using different times and exposure temperatures, for the evaluation of the physiological quality of popcorn seed lots. Popcorn seeds from three lots of the hybrid AP 8203 were used. For the initial characterization of the lots, the following tests were conducted: seed moisture content, first and final germination count, and field emergence. The accelerated aging test was performed in a 3x4x2 factorial scheme. After aging, the seeds were tested for moisture content, germination, and electrical conductivity. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The characteristic vigor was affected during aging, as evidenced by the increase in the amount of leachate detected by the electrical conductivity test. Seed lot 3 was most vigorous in the aging test conducted for 48 h at 45 °C. The accelerated aging test at 42 ºC for 48 h provides consistent information to differentiate seed lots of popcorn.

Background The characterization of genetic diversity and population differentiation for maize inbred lines from breeding programs is of great value in assisting breeders in maintaining and potentially increasing the rate of genetic gain. In our study, we characterized a set of 187 tropical maize inbred lines from the public breeding program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) in Brazil based on 18 agronomic traits and 3,083 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers to evaluate whether this set of inbred lines represents a panel of tropical maize inbred lines for association mapping analysis and investigate the population structure and patterns of relationships among the inbred lines from UFV for better exploitation in our maize breeding program. Results Our results showed that there was large phenotypic and genotypic variation in the set of tropical maize inbred lines from the UFV maize breeding program. We also found high genetic diversity (GD = 0.34) and low pairwise kinship coefficients among the maize inbred lines (only approximately 4.00 % of the pairwise relative kinship was above 0.50) in the set of inbred lines. The LD decay distance over all ten chromosomes in the entire set of maize lines with r2 = 0.1 was 276,237 kb. Concerning the population structure, our results from the model-based STRUCTURE and principal component analysis methods distinguished the inbred lines into three subpopulations, with high consistency maintained between both results. Additionally, the clustering analysis based on phenotypic and molecular data grouped the inbred lines into 14 and 22 genetic divergence clusters, respectively. Conclusions Our results indicate that the set of tropical maize inbred lines from UFV maize breeding programs can comprise a panel of tropical maize inbred lines suitable for a genome-wide association study to dissect the variation of complex quantitative traits in maize, mainly in tropical environments. In addition, our results will be very useful for assisting us in the assignment of heterotic groups and the selection of the best parental combinations for new breeding crosses, mapping populations, mapping synthetic populations, guiding crosses that target highly heterotic and yielding hybrids, and predicting untested hybrids in the public breeding program UFV.

The identification of stable genotypes with high yield in diverse multiple‐stress environments is important to increase maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield under tropical environments. Our objective was to assess the yield performance and stability of experimental hybrids and broad‐based populations of tropical maize across diverse environments in Southeastern Brazil. We evaluated two sets of maize genotypes for grain yield: 190 experimental hybrids along with 6 commercial hybrids and 45 population hybrids along with their 10 parental populations across 8 environments in Southeastern Brazil. Multiple statistical methods were used and compared in the analyses. Combined analysis of variance indicated that genotypic main effect (G), environmental main effect (E), and genotype by environment interaction were highly significant (p < 0.0001) for grain yield. The E accounted for 42% of the total variation for both hybrids and populations, and they were more similar within the growing season than between seasons, mainly for populations. Low nitrogen (N) stress was a key factor in hybrid evaluation and recommendation, particularly under drought stress conditions. Among the environment classification methods, genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot provided more accurate information about environments grouping and selection of the genotypes than the Eberhart and Russell method. Harmonic mean of the relative performance of the predicted genetic values (HMRPGV) based on mixed models ranked the hybrids and populations according to mean grain yield and stability, penalizing hybrids, and populations with lower stability. Therefore, we recommend the GGE biplot and HMRPGV for genotype evaluation based on multi‐environment trials data. These methods identified 92V2144 and 92V2033 as the most promising hybrids for favorable and 92V2141, 92V2153, and 92V2137 as the most promising for unfavorable environments. 92VX033 and 92VX043 were identified as broadly adapted and stable populations across multiple environments in Southeastern Brazil.